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2026 630 34 ak alamy-2R5A44M

2026 H-tÎm_À 3, 4 s]m-¶m\n kw-Lm-S-I-k-anXn c-£ m-[n-Im-cnIÄ AUz: ]n.sI. J-eo-ap-²o³ Sn.Fw. kn-²nJv Fw. Fw. \m-cm-b-W³ sN-bÀ-am³ ]n. \-μ-Ip-amÀ P-\: I¬-ho\À kn.]n. ap-l½-Zv Ipª n {S-jdÀ AUz: C. knÔp, I-hÀ Un-ssk³ {]-ho¬ ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn Un-ssk³ & te-Hu-«v InDesign F-S-¸mÄ {]nâwKv Im-en¡ -äv bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-än sk³-{SÂ tImþHm-¸-td-äo-hv tÌmÀkv

km-{am-Py-Xz-¯n-s\-Xn-sc F-¶pw s]m-cp-Xn-\n-¶ a-®m-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bp-tS-Xv. ]-d-¦n-I-fp-sS sIm-Sn-b Nq-j-W-¯n-s\-Xn-sc F-gp-¯p-sIm-pw

B-ßo-b-X sIm-pw sN-dp-¯p-\n-¶ ssk-\p-±o³ a-Jv-Zqw km-¶n-[y-am-bn-cp-¶ \m-Sv. A-t±-l-¯nsâ "Xp-lv-^-¯p ap-Pm-ln-Zo³ " F-¶ {K-Ùw B-Zy-s¯ N-cn-{X-tc-J-bm-bn I-W-¡ m-¡ -s¸-Sp-¶p. {_n-«o-jv `-c-W-¯n-\v Io-gn sXm-gn-em-fn Nq-j-W-hpw ap-X-em-fn-am-cp-sS lp-¦pw `o-j-Wn-bm-bn am-dn-b \m-fp-I-fn s]m-¶m-\n-bn-se _o-Un sX-dp-¸v tI-{μ-§ -fn \n-¶v D-bÀ-¶p-h-¶ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw

F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p. t]m-cm-«-ho-cy-§ -fp-sS N-cn-{Xw F-¶pw a-\-Ên t]-dn sIm-m-Wv

I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n Cu a-®n {]-hÀ-¯n-¨v t]m-¶n-«p-Å-Xv . tI-c-f-¯nsâ k-hn-ti-j-am-b {]-Xn-k-Ôn Im-e-¯v kw-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bpw cm-{ão-b-]-c-am-bpw A-Xn-s\ a-dn-I-S-¡ p-¶-Xn-\v th-n tN-cp-¶ hn-]p-eo-Ir-X Pn-Ãm I-½n-än-bp-sS k-μÀ-`-¯n H-cp kp-h-\oÀ C-d-§ p-I-bm-Wv. Pn-Ã-bn-se ]mÀ-«n-bp-sS N-cn-{X-hpw, ap³-Im-e t\-Xm-¡ -fp-sS B-ß-k-aÀ-¸-W-hpw s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS cm-{ão-b kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I I-em ]m-c-¼-cy-§ -sf D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨pw sIm-p-Å

H-cp C-S-s]-S-em-Wv Cu kp-h-\o-dn-eq-sS e-£ yw h-bv-¡ p-¶-Xv. "REDEN" F-¶ t]-cn-«n-«p-Å Cu kp-h-\oÀ k-hn-\-bw k-aÀ-¸n-¡ p-¶p.

A-Uz Fw sI k-¡ oÀ sN-bÀ-am³ kp-h-\oÀ I-½n-än tUm. dn-bm-kv ]-g-ª n

I¬-ho-\À kp-h-\oÀ I-½-än

• namnoul nilsond ngo.nil. eunonilmad aomiord
• ⚫nil.nl. Gemlod
• 60. o. no mo

2. ago. agm. malo. CPI(M) DISTRICT COMMITTEE OFFICE MALAPPURAM milm?

{]n-b-tc kn-]n-sF-Fw kw-Øm-\-X-e-¯n tIm-gn-t¡ m-Sv sh-¨v tNÀ-¶v hn-]p-eo-Ir-X kw-Øm-\ I-½n-än-bp-sS Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn 2026 H-tÎm-_À 3 4 Xo-b-Xn-I-fn s]m- ¶m-\n-bn sh-¨v hn-]p-eo-Ir-X Pn-Ãm-I-½n-än tbm-Kw tN-cp-I-bm-Wv C-Xv aq-¶m-as¯ X-h-W-bm-Wv s]m-¶m-\n Pn-Ãm-X-e-¯n-se kw-L-S-\ Iq-«m-bv-a-bv-¡ v th-Znbm-Ip-¶-Xv 1977 2015epw Pn-Ãm k-t½-f-\-§ Ä-¡ v ap³-]v s]m-¶m-\n th-Zn-bm-bncp-¶p. k-¦oÀ-W-am-b cm-{ão-b `-c-W-Im-e-am-Wv C-t¸mÄ \mw t\-cn-Sp-¶-Xv s]m- Å-bm-b hm-Kv-Zm-\-§ Ä \Â-In-bpw C-S-Xp-]-£ hn-cp-²-X {]-N-cn-¸n-¨pw P-\-§ - sf tam-l-§ -fp-sS X-S-h-d-bn B-¡ n t\-Sn-b-Xm-Wv bp-Un-F-^n-sâ \n-b-a-k- `m sX-c-sª -Sp-¸v ^-ew _n-sP-]n-bp-am-bp-Å c-l-ky-_-Ô-hpw hÀ-Ko-b hn-jam-b {]-N-c-W-§ -fpw H-cp ]-Xn-äm-p-Im-ew tI-c-f-¯n-\v C-S-Xp-]-£ w k-½m-\n- ¨ `-c-W t\-«-§ -sf hn-kv-a-cn-¸n-¡ p-¶ co-Xn-bn-ep-Å {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ Ä bp-Un-F- ^v \-S-¯n-b Ip-{]-N-c-W-§ Ä-¡ v km-[n-¨n-«p-v.

F-¶m A-© p-am-kw ]n-¶n- Sp-t¼m-tg-¡ pw bp-Un-F-^n-sâ `-c-Ww G-Xv Zn-i-bn-te-¡ m-Wv \o-§ p-¶-Xv F-¶v hy-à-am-bn Xp-S-§ n-bn-cn-¡ p-¶p A-gn-a-Xn-¡ v I-f-sam-cp-§ p-¶ X-c-¯n A-Sn-ap- Sn Zp-cq-l-am-b H-cp {]-hÀ-¯-\ ssi-en-bm-Wv hn Un k-Xo-i³ kzo-I-cn-¨p sImn-cn-¡ p-¶-Xv Xp-S-¡ -¯n X-s¶ A-Zm-\n-¡ v th-n hn-gn-ª w t]mÀ-«n-se \ne-hn-se hy-h-Ø-IÄ-¡ v hn-cp-²-am-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¡ p-hm³ A-h-k-cw \Â-In-bncn-¡ p-¶p a-äv {]-[m-\ Xp-d-ap-J-§ -fpw hn-ev-]-\-¡ m-bn \Â-Ip-sa-¶m-Wv Xp-d-ap-J a-{´n Iq-Sn-bm-b ap-Jy-a-{´n ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. ]-hÀ-I-«pw tem-Un-Mv C-Ãm-¯ tI-c-fw F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p I-gn-ª

H-cp ]-Xn-äm-v

Im-ew \-½p-sS sF-¡ ¬ DuÀ-Ö-ebv-¡ v th-n

Xn-I-ª

B-kq-{X-W-t¯m-sS-bp-Å {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ -fm-Wv C-S-Xp-]- K-h¬-sa³-dv \-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv sIm-¨n C-S-a¬ ssh-Zyp-X tIm-dn-tUmÀ tIc-f-¯n-se ssh-Zyp-Xn {]-Xn-k-Ôn-I-sf a-dn-I-S-¡ p-¶-Xn-\v th-n-bp-Å i-à-amb C-S-s]-S-em-Wv ku-tcmÀ-Ö-ssh-Zyp-Xn-sb t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡ p-¶ \-bw C-S-Xp- K-h¬-sa³-dv kzo-I-cn-¨-tXm-sS C-´y-bn G-ä-hpw Iq-Sp-X ku-tcmÀ- Ö ssh-Zyp-Xn D-Xv-]m-Zn-¸n-¡ p-¶ \m-Sm-bn tI-c-fw am-dn Cu k-ao-]-\w \-½p-sS \m-«n-te-¡ v \n-c-h-[n h³-In-S I-¼-\n-I-sf B-IÀ-jn-¡ p-hm³ Im-c-W-am-bn F- ¶m a-e-bm-fn ]m-sS a-d-¶ ssh-Zy-im-a-hpw ]-hÀ-I-«pw `-c-W-¯n Xn-cn-sI h- ¶n-cn-¡ p-¶p B-kq-{X-W-¸n-sâ Xn-à-^-e-am-Wv \m-an-\p-`-hn-¡ p-¶ ]-hÀ-I-«pw tem-Uv sj-Ínw-Kpw. hn-Zym-`ym-k B-tcm-Ky-cw-K-¯v A-`n-am-\-am-b \-½p-sS kw-Øm-\-s¯ B-kq- {Xn-X-am-bn ]p-d-tIm-«v \-bn-¨v s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-hpw s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw X- IÀ-¯v Cu ta-J-e tImÀ-¸-td-äv ap-X-em-fn-amÀ-¡ v Xo-sc-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-\p-Å {i-a-am- Wv \-S-¡ p-¶-Xv. tI-c-f-¯n-se {]-[m-\ B-ip-]-{Xn-IÄ C-t¸mÄ X-s¶ h³-In-S tImÀ-¸-td-äp-IÄ hn-e-s¡ -Sp-¯n-cn-¡ p-¶p A-hÀ-¡ v em-`w sIm-¿p-¶ X-c-¯nte-¡ v B-tcm-Ky-cw-K-s¯ ]-cn-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-bp-Å sIm-p-]n-Sn-¨

{i-a-am-

gas 2026 34 ofwolego od meg a em 1977 2015e30 l long le dels emine

ae¸p-dw a-tX-X-c-Xz-¯n-sâ a-ln-Xam-b a®v k: ]n-W-dm-bn hn-Pb³ kn.]n.sF.(Fw) t]m-fn-äv-_yqtdm AwKw

G-sd k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-Å \m-Sm-Wv a-e-¸p-dw. kw-k-v-Ir-X km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ

A-{K-K-Wy-\m-b taÂ-¸-¯q-cnsâ-bpw a-e-bm-f-`m-jm ]n-Xm-hm-b bm-sc-bpw sI am-[-h³ \m-b-sc-bpw kw-`m-h-\ F-gp-¯-Ñsâ-bpw am-¸n-f a-lm-I-hn sam-bn³-Ip- sN-bv-X \m-Sm-Wn-Xv. B-gvhm-t© -cn X-{¼m-¡ -fpn ssh-Zy-cp-tS-bpw \m-Sm-Wn-Xv. kw-k-v-Ir-X, -A-d- sS-bpw ]m-W-¡ m-Sp X-§ Ä-am-cp-sS-bpw \m-Sv. _n-þ-a-e-bm-f, -a-e-bm-f `m-jm I-hn-X-I-fp-sS Cu-än- s]m-¶m-\n _o-Un-sX-dp-¸p sXm-gn-em-fn k-a-cw Ãw. C-S-tÈ-cn-bp-sS-bpw h-Å-t¯m-fnsâ-bpw Ip- t]m-ep-Å-h ]-IÀ-¶ kw-L-S-\m-t_m-[-¯nsâ än-¸p-d-¯p tI-i-h³ \m-b-cp-sS-bpw D-dq-_nsâ- \m-Sv. F-¶mÂ, Cu \m-Sn-s\ B-t£ -]n-¡ m-\pbpw I-S-h-\m-Sn³-sd-bpw ]n hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cy-cp- Å {i-a-§ -fm-Wv Xp-S-sc-¯p-S-sc D-m-hp-¶-Xv. sS-bpw \-´-\m-cp-sS-bpw \m-Sv. km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-

{_n-«o-jv km-{am-Py-Xz `-c-W-Im-e-¯v, A-h-cp-sS W cw-K-s¯ A-Xp-ey {]-Xn-`-bm-b Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W `n-¶n-¸n-¨p-`-cn-¡ Â kn-²m-´ {]-Im-cw a-e-¸p-dam-cmÀ ap-XÂ I-Y-I-fn cw-K-s¯ B-Nm-cy-\m-b s¯ G-Xp \n-e-bn-sem-s¡ hn-I-e-am-bn Nn-{Xo-Ihm-tg-¦-S Ip-© p-\m-bÀ h-sc-bp-Å \n-c-h-[n {]- cn-¡ m³ {i-an-t¨m, A-Xn-\p k-am-\-am-b co-Xn- Xn-`-I-fp-sS \m-Sv.

bnÂ, A-Xn \n-¶v DuÀ-Öw DÄ-s¡ m-p-sImtIm-«-bv-¡  B-cyssh-Zy-im-e t]m-se A-´m- v a-e-¸p-d-s¯ A-]-IoÀ-¯n-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {]-Xncm-{ã X-e-¯n {i-t²-b-am-b H-cp B-bpÀ-th-Z Úm-_-²-am-bn \nÂ-¡ p-¶ H-cp B-i-b-kw-ln- Øm-]-\w Cu a-e-¸p-d-¯m-Wv D-Å-Xv F-¶-Xv X cm-Py-¯nsâ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cw Iq-Sn D-]-tbm-KntI-c-f-¯n-\m-sI A-`n-am-\-I-c-am-Wv. C Fw F- ¨p-sIm-pÅ

{i-aw i-àn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ L-«-amkn-s\-bpw sI Zm-tam-Z-c-s\-bpw hm-cn-bw-Ip-¶- Wn-Xv. ¯p Ip-ª -l-½-Zv lm-Pn-sb-bpw B-en ap-k-en-

C-hÀ A-[n-Im-cw In-«n-b-t¸mÄ Cu hn-[-¯n hn-eyw tem-K³ sh-dpw A-¡ m-Z-ao-jy-\m-bn-cp-¶ns]-cp-am-dp-¶-Xn A-kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn H-¶p-an-Ã. Ã, `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-b, {_n-«o-jv a-e-_mÀ I-e-Î- 1921 se a-e-_mÀ ImÀ-jn-I I-em-]-s¯ ap-Éow-P- dm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶v HmÀ-¡ -Ww. F-¶n-«pw B hn- \-X-bp-sS lm-en-f-¡ w F-¶v {_n-«o-jv km-{am-Py- eyw tem-Ksâ dn-t¸mÀ-«v {_n-«o-jv kÀ-¡ mÀ Aw-Ko- Xzw hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ am-¸n-f-I-em-]w F-¶p I-cn-¨n-Ã. F-´p-sIm-v?

A-Xv Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨mÂ, ap-{Z-b-Sn-¨v A-tX h-gn-¡ p-X-s¶ \o-§ p-I-bm-Wp A-Sp-¯ ]-Sn-bm-bn {]-iv-\-]-cn-lm-c-¯n-te-¡ p Iln-μp-Xz hÀ-¤o-b-i-àn-IÄ sN-bv-X-Xv F-¶- S-t¡ -n h-cpw. {]-iv-\-]-cn-lm-cw In-S-¡ p-¶-Xv `qtXmÀ-¡ p-I.

{]-am-Wn-amÀ-¡ p sIm-Sp-¯ A-[n-Im-cw ]n³-h-en- B ImÀ-jn-I I-em-]-s¯ 'A-t{Sm-kn-äo-kv B- ¡ -en-em-Wv, `q-]-cn-jv-¡ -c-Ww \-S-¸m-¡ -en-em-Wv. Îv ' t]m-ep-Å I-cn-\n-b-a-§ Ä sIm-p-h-¶v hÀ- A-Xm-I-s«, sN-¿m-hp-¶-X-Ã. Im-c-Ww, `q-kzm-an- Ko-b-hym-Jym-\-t¯m-sS A-Sn-¨-aÀ-¯m³ km-{am- amÀ {_n-«o-jv km-{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ k-Jy-I-£ n-I-fm- Py-Xz `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ t\m-¡ n-sb-¦n B Wv. I-em-]-¯n km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-² cm-{ão-b D-Å-S-

A-Xp-sIm-v

{_n-«³ tem-Ksâ dn-t¸mÀ-«v I-n- ¡ -ta C-à F-¶p hym-Jym-\n-¨v hÀ-Ko-b B-{I-a-W- sÃ-¶p \-Sn-¨p. P·nXmÂ-]-cy-§ Ä-¡ p hn-cp-²-amam-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡ m-\pw A-Xnsâ A-Sn-Øm-\- bn {_n-«³ H-¶pw sN-¿n-sÃ-¶p hy-àw. IÀ-j-I- ¯n hm-K¬ {Sm-P-Un-sb A-S-¡ w km-{am-Py-Xz- sc-bpw IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-sf-bpw Nq-j-Ww hn-cp-² t]m-cm-«-§ -fn \n-¶pw hm-cn-bw-Ip-¶- sN-¿p-¶-Xn \n-¶pw `q-{]-am-Wn-amÀ ]n-´n-cn-bn- ¯p Ip-ª -l-½-Zv lm-Pn-sb-bpw B-en ap-k-en- sÃ-¶-Xpw hy-àw. C-¯-cw H-cp km-l-N-cy-¯nbm-sc-bp-a-S-¡ w km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-² t]m-cm-fn-I- em-Wp a-e-_mÀ ImÀ-jn-I I-em-]-ap-m-b-Xv.

B fp-sS n-I-bn \n-¶pw sh-«n-\o-¡ m-\p-am-Wv I-em-]-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶-h-cn-te-sd-bpw ap-Éo-§ - ln-μp-Xz hÀ-¤o-b-X-bp-sS ]p-¯³ `-c-Wm-[n-Im- fm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶-Xp k-Xyw. F-¶m A-Xp-sImcw

{i-an-¡ p-¶-Xv.

A-Xp-sImp-X-s¶-bm-Wv, p-am-{Xw

A-Xn-s\ am-¸n-f I-em-]w F-¶p hn-fn- C-hÀ C-§ -s\-sbm-s¡ sN-¿p-¶-Xn A-kzm-`m- ¡ m-\m-hp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-² cm-{ãohn-I-am-bn H-¶p-an-à F-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

b D-Å-S-¡ -t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b IÀ-j-I-I-em-]w Xk-Xy-¯nÂ, a-e-_mÀ ImÀ-jn-I I-em-]-¯nsâ- s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-Xv. b-YmÀ-° kz-`m-hw hÀ-Ko-b-X B-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶- a-e-_mÀ ImÀ-jn-I-I-em-]-s¯ b-YmÀ-° N-cn- Xv A-¡ m-e-¯p X-s¶ {_o-«o-jv ]-£ -¯p-\n-¶p {X ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n hn-e-bn-cp-¯n-b-Xv I-ayq-Wn- X-s¶ H-cmÄ ]-d-ª n-cp-¶p. hn-eyw tem-K-\m-W- Ìp ]mÀ-«n-bm-Wv. 1921 se a-e-_mÀ I-em-]- Xv. tem-K³-kv am-\p-h C-Xnsâ sX-fn-hm-Wv. ¯nsâ 25þmw hmÀ-jn-I-¯n I-ayq-Wn-Ìp ]mÀ- P·n-amÀ-¡ v h-en-b hn-]p-em-[n-Im-c-§ Ä sIm-Spn-bp-sS kw-Øm-\ I-½n-än H-cp {]-ta-bw ap-t¶m-

¡ p-¶ \n-b-a-§ Ä {_n-«³ sIm-p-h-cn-I-bpw

Ap-h-¨p. "a-e-_mÀ I-em-]w: B-lzm-\-hpw Xm-¡ o- Xnsâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n A-hÀ A-an-Xm-[n-Im-c- Xpw" F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p A-Xnsâ t]-cv. A-Xnsâ § Ä I-¿m-fp-I-bpw ]m-h-s¸-« IÀ-j-IÀ-¡ p Ir- A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n C Fw F-kv A-tX ioÀ-j-Ijn A-S-¡ w A-km-[y-am-hp-I-bpw sN-bv-X Zp-Ê- ¯n tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bn H-cp te-J-\w F-gp-Xn. l km-l-N-cy-¯n-ep-m-b

ImÀ-jn-I I-em-]-am- km-{am-Py-Xzw, P-\-sF-Iy-s¯ `n-¶n-¸n-¡ m³-th- W-Xv F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p hn-eyw tem-Ksâ hn-e-bn-cp- n hÀ-Ko-b-X-sb B-bp-[-am-¡ p-¶-Xn-s\-¡ p-dn-

¨p-Å ap-¶-dn-bn-¸p-m-bn-cp-¶p

A-XnÂ.

km-{am-Py-Xzm-{in-X-cm-b ln-μp-Xz hÀ-Ko-b-X-bp- tkm-am-en-b F-¶p hn-fn-¨v B-t£ -]n-¨p. IÀ-®msS i-àn-IÄ Xp-SÀ-¶n-t§ m-«v F-¶pw hÀ-Ko-b-X- S-I \n-b-a-k-`m sX-c-sª -Sp-¸nsâ k-a-b-¯v tIsIm-p

`n-¶n-¸n-¡ p-¶ B km-{am-Py-Xz-X-{´- {μ B-`y-´-c a-{´n ]-d-ª -Xv, tI-c-f-am-Wv A-Sp- ¯nsâ {]-tbm-àm-¡ -fm-bn \n-¶p F-¶-Xp ¯p In-S-¡ p-¶-Xv F-¶v F-Ãm-hÀ-¡ pw HmÀ-½ N-cn-{Xw. B-lzm-\-hpw Xm-¡ o-Xpw {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨- th-Ww F-¶m-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, tI-c-fw IÀ-®m-S-I- Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-¶p tZ-im-`n-am-\n-sb hn-e-¡ n-b km- ¯n-\v F-t´m h-en-b {]-iv-\-ap-m-¡ pw F-¶ {am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ-bpw A-Xnsâ hÀ-Ko-b k-Jy-i- [m-c-W kr-ãn-¡ m-\m-Wv tI-{μ B-`y-´-c a-{´n àn-bp-sS-bpw ZpÀ-hym-Jym-\-§ -sf I-ayq-Wn-Ìp- {i-an-¨-Xv. C-¡ -gn-ª tem-I-v-k-`m C-e-Ivvj³ k-a- ImÀ F-¶pw sN-dp-¯p-t]m-¶p F-¶-Xpw N-cn- b-¯v IÀ-®m-S-I-bn-se _n sP ]n Øm-\mÀ-°n {Xw.

• tI-c-f-s¯-bpw X-an-gv-\m-Sn-s\-bpw A-[n-t£ -]n-
• Cu c-p
• N-cn-{X-[m-c-IÄ X-½n-ep-Å G-äp-ap-«Â ¨p-sIm-m-Wv
• {]-kw-K-§ Ä \-S-¯n-b-Xv. I-gn-
• A-¶p-ap-v
• C-¶p-ap-v.

A-¶v A-[n-Im-c-¯n-en- ª bp ]n \n-b-a-k-`m sX-c-sª -Sp-¸nsâ k-a- Ãm-Xn-cp-¶ ln-μp-Xz hÀ-Ko-b-X C-¶v tI-{μm-[n-Im- b-¯v bp ]n ap-Jy-a-{´n tI-c-f-s¯ A-]-am-\n-¨- c-¯n-ep-v.

B A-[n-Im-c-i-àn Iq-Sn D-]-tbm-Kn- Xv HmÀ-½-bp-m-hpw. ¨v hÀ-Ko-b-am-b `n-¶n-¸n-¡ Â X-{´w A-hÀ i-àn-

X-§ Ä-¡ v C-ã-an-Ãm-¯ Ø-e-§ -sf C-¯-cs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡ p-¶p. A-Xnsâ G-ä-hpw H-Sp-hn-e- ¯n C-I-gv-¯n-¡ m-«m³ kw-L-]-cn-hm-dpw A-hs¯ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv tI-c-f-s¯ an-\n ]m-¡ n- tcm-Sv A-\p-`m-h-ap-Å-h-cpw Im-Wn-¡ p-¶ hy-{K-X- Øm³ F-¶p-hn-fn-¨v B-t£ -]n-¨ a-lm-cm-{ã-bn- sb Ip-dn-¨v a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-¡ mÀ-¡ v hy-à-am-bn Ase H-cp a-{´n-bp-sS \-S-]-Sn.

dn-bmw. a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã cq-]o-I-cn-¨-t¸mÄ sIm-¨p

X-§ Ä-¡ v kzm-[o-\-ap-m-¡ m³ I-gn-bm-¯ C- ]m-¡ n-Øm³ cq-]o-I-cn-¡ -s¸-«n-cn-¡ p-¶p F-¶p S-§ -sf tam-i-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡ p-¶-Xn kw-L-]- ]-d-ª -Xv BÀ F-kv F-Êp-Im-cpw tIm¬-{K-Êpcn-hmÀ t\-Xm-¡ Ä-¡ v hy-à-am-b A-P--bp-v.

Im-cpw tNÀ-¶m-Wv. F-¶mÂ, F-´m-Wv a-e-¸p-d-

B \m-Sn-s\-¡ p-dn-¨v tam-iw Nn-{X-ap-m-¡ p-I, A- ¯nsâ b-YmÀ-° N-cn-{Xw? \n-jv-I--f-¦-cm-b Ahn-sS hÀ-¤o-b kw-LÀ-j-§ Ä \-S-¯m-\v I-gn-bp- t\-Iw \-à a-\p-jy-cp-sS \m-Sm-Wn-Xv. ]-c-kv-]-cw tam F-¶v {i-an-¡ p-I, A-Xp-h-gn hÀ-¤o-b-X-bn-eq- kv-t\-ln-¡ p-¶ hn-hn-[ a-X-hn-izm-kn-IÄ. A-hÀ ¶n X-§ Ä-¡ v t\-«w sIm-¿m³ I-gn-bp-tam F-¶v k-tlm-Z-c-§ -sf-t¸m-se I-gn-bp-¶p. A-hÀ-¡ n-S- ]-cn-tim-[n-¡ p-I. cm-Py-¯v am-\-h-hn-I-k-\ kq-Nn- bn H-cp a-X I-em-]-hp-an-Ã. H-cp hÀ-Ko-b-X-bp-an- I-I-fn H-¶mw Øm-\-¯v \nÂ-¡ p-¶ H-cp kw- Ã. P-\-a-\-Êp-I-fp-sS H-cp-a-bm-Wv C-hn-sS Im-Wm- Øm-\-s¯-bm-Wv C-¯-c-¯n A-[n-t£ -]n-¡ p- \m-hp-¶-Xv. ¶-Xv. tI-c-f-s¯ A-]-am-\n-¡ p-¶ {]-kv-Xm-h-\-

F-s´-Ãmw {]-tIm-]-\-§ Ä B-cn \n-s¶- IÄ C-Xn-\p-ap-¼pw ]-e-cp-sS `m-K-¯p-\n-¶pw D- Ãmw D-m-bn?

H-¶n-epw a-e-¸p-dw {]-tIm-]n-X-amm-bn-« p-v.

bn-Ã. c-mw

C Fw F-kv a-{´n-k-` Cu ]n-t¶map-¼v C-´y³ {]-[m-\-a-{´n X-s¶ tI-c-f-s¯ tZ-i-¯nsâ k-ap-²m-c-W-¯n-\pw hn-I-k-\- ¯n-\p-am-bn a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã {]-Jym-]n-¨-t¸mÄ, Ip-«n ]m-¡ n-Øm³ F- ¶v

B-t£ -]n-¨p-sImv

Pn-Ãm cq-]o-I-c-W- ¯n-s\-Xn-sc

H-cp-an-¨v {]-t£ m-`w \-S-¯m-\m- W v t I m ¬ - { K - k v - þBÀ.F-kv.F-kv k- Jyw X-¿m-dm-b-Xv. A-dp- ]-Xp-I-fn ap-Éow-eo- Kpw kn.]n.sF (Fw) Dw k-l-I-cn-¨p {]-hÀ- ¯n-¨-t¸mÄ dm-hÂ-¸nn-þ-]o-¡ n-§ v A-¨p-Xv

F-¶v tIm¬-{K-kv B-t£ -]n-¨-Xp a-d-¡ mdm-bn-«n-Ã. k-ar-²-hpw k-¼-¶- hp-am-b kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I ss]-Xr-I-ap-Å a-\p-jy-

kv-t\-ln-I-fp-sS Cu \m-Sn-s\ kn-\n-a-I-fn ¯p-h-¨v B-tem-Nn-¡ p-¶-Xn X-s¶-bpw AÀ-°- t]m-epw Nn-eÀ hn-Ir-X-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡ p-¶p an-Ã. C-´y-bn-se an-¡ _qÀ-jzm P-\m-[n-]-Xy I- F-¶-Xp \nÀ-`m-Ky-I-c-am-Wv. A-¯-cw {i-a-§ Ä £ n-I-fp-sS-bpw \n-e G-sd-sbm-¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-a-Ã. ]-g-b ln-μp-hÀ-¤ob {]-Nm-c-W-¯nsâ-A-t_m-[- C-¯-cw cm-{ão-b ]mÀ-Sn-IÄ-¡ n-S-bn-em-Wv hy-Xn-cn- ]qÀ-Æ-am-b kzm-[o-\-¯m-em-Wv F-¶-Xp Xn-cn-¨-dn- à-am-b P-\m-[n-]-Xy kw-L-S-\m {I-a-t¯m-Spw ª v A-h-bn \n-¶p ]n³-hm-§ -W-sa-¶v A-`yÀ- kz-X-{´ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\ kzm-X-{´y-t¯m-Spw °n-¡ -s«. a-X-\n-c-t]-£ -X-bn hn-«p-ho-gv-N ]m-Sn- Iq-Sn I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-Sn Hm-^v C-´y (amÀ-I-v-kn- à F-¶ A-N-© -e-X-bp-sS k-tμ-i-am-Wp a-e-¸p- Ìv) th-dn-«p-\nÂ-¡ p-¶-Xv. dw ap-t¶m-«p-sh-¡ p-¶ ]mTw. Cu \m-Sn-s\-bpw C-

Hm-tcm aq-¶p hÀ-j-¯n-epw Xm-sg-¯-«p ap-X Xnsâ N-cn-{X-s¯-bpw _-lp-kz-c-am-b kw-k-v-Im- tI-{μ-I-½n-än h-sc-bpw A-Xn \n-¶v t]m-fn-äv _yqc-s¯-bpw a-\-Ên-em-¡ m³ F-Ãm-h-cpw X-¿m-dm- tdm-bn-te-¡ pw sX-c-sª -Sp-¸v \-S-¡ p-¶p. P-\m-[nh-Ww, {]-tXy-In-¨v cm-{ão-b ]mÀ-«n-IÄ.

]-Xy tI-{μo-I-c-W-¯nsâ kw-L-S-\m {I-a-a-\p-im- C-§ -s\-bp-Å k-¼-¶-am-b N-cn-{X ]-Ým-¯-e- kn-¡ p-¶ X-Xz-§ Ä ]-cn-]qÀ-®-am-bn ]m-en-¨v Xmap-Å \m-«n kn.]n.sF (Fw) sâ hn-]p-eo-Ir-X sg-X-ew ap-X ta-se X-ew h-sc P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c- Pn-Ãm-I-½n-än tbm-Kw \-S-¡ p-I-bm-Wv. kn.]n.sF am-bn sX-c-sª -Sp-¡ -s¸-« I-½n-än-IÄ h-cp-¶p. (Fw) sâ DuÀ-Ö-kz-e-hpw kp-L-Sn-X-hp-am-b A-Wn-IÄ sX-c-sª -Sp-¯-tXm Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨-tXm ]p-Xn-b ap-t¶-ä-¯n-\v Nm-ep-Io-dp-¶ H-cp kw-L-S- A-Ãm-¯ H-cp I-½n-än-tbm `m-c-hm-ln-tbm Cu \m {]-{In-b-bp-sS `m-K-am-Wv C-t¸mÄ \-S-¡ p-¶ ]mÀ-«nbn-en-Ã. C-{X-ta P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]qÀ-®-am-b hn-]p-eo-Ir-X Pn-Ãm-I-½n-än tbm-Kw.

{]-{In-b \-S-¡ p-¶ F-{X ]mÀ-«n-IÄ D-vv

P-\m-`n-em-j {]-Im-c-hpw Im-em-\p-kr-X-hp-am-b tem-Nn-¡ p-I. am-ä-§ -fpw \-ho-I-c-W-§ -fpw h-cp-¯n-s¡ m-p-

Cu {]-{In-b-bv-¡ n-S-bn-em-Wv H-cp k-hn-ti-j Å kw-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b im-ào-I-c-Ww; ip-²o-I- cm-{ão-b km-l-N-cy-¯n C-§ -s\-bp-Å hn-]p-eoc-Ww F-¶n-h-bm-Wv C-Xn-\p ]n-¶n-ep-Å e-£ yw.

Ir-X kw-Øm-\ I-½n-än tbm-K-hpw hn-]p-eo-Ir-X ]mÀ-Sn-bp-sS \·bv-¡ mbv A-`n-{]m-b-§ Ä ]-d- Pn-Ãm-I-½n-än tbm-K-hpw \-S-¡ p-¶-Xv. A-Xnsâ kbm-\pw A-h DÄ-s¡ m-p-sIm-v kz-bw i-àn- hn-ti-j km-l-N-cy-§ Ä F-Ãm-hÀ-¡ pw A-dn-bms¸-«v ap-t¶m-«p-t]m-Im-\p-ap-Å P-\m-[n-]-Xy kzm- hp-¶-Xm-Wv. P-\-§ -tfm-Sv {]-Xn-_-²-X-bp-Å {]- X-{´y-ap-Å th-Zn C-´y-bn a-säm-cp cm-{ão-b Øm-\-am-Wn-Xv. B {]-Xn-_-²-X B-hÀ-¯n-¨p-d- ]mÀ-Sn-bn-ep-an-à F-¶-Xm-Wv k-Xyw. G-ä-hpw h-en- ¸n-¨p-sIm-v

Iq-Sp-X P-\-kzo-Im-cy-X-bn-te-¡ v b P-\m-[n-]-Xy cm-{ãw F-¶v A-`n-am-\n-¡ p-¶ C- h-f-cm-\p-Å {]-Xn-Úm-_-²-am-b kw-L-S-\m a-\- ´y-bn-se G-ä-hpw h-en-b P-\m-[n-]-Xy ]mÀ-Sn-bm- Êm-Wv C-Xn-\p ]n-¶n {]-hÀ-¯n-¡ p-¶-Xv. Iq-Spbn \-Sn-¡ p-¶ tIm¬-{K-Ên³-sd Øn-Xn \-ap-¡ - X kw-L-Sn-X-am-bn, P-\-kzo-Im-cy-am-bn, im-àodn-bmw. A-XnÂ, t\m-an-t\-j-\-Ãm-sX sX-c-sª

I-cn-¨v ap-t¼m-«p-t]m-Im-\pw I-gn-bp-¶-{X Iq-Sp- Sp-¸v F-s¶m-¶n-Ã. F-hn-sS-sb-¦n-epw A-Xv F- XÂ P-\-a-\-Êp-IÄ-¡ v Cu {]-Øm-\-s¯ kzos´-¦n-epw D-m-bmÂ

X-s¶, Xm-sg X-«n-te-bp- Im-cy-am-¡ m-\p-ap-Å {]-{In-b-bp-sS `m-K-am-Wn-Xv. a- Åq; D-¶-X Øm-\-¯n-Ã.

säm-cp ]mÀ-«n-bn-epw C-Ãm-¯ k-hn-ti-j P-\m-[n-

_n.sP.]n-bp-sS Im-cyw ]-d-tb--Xn-Ã.

H-cp-hn-[ ]-Xy {]-{Inb. P-\m-[n-]-Xy {I-a-hp-an-Ãm-¯ B ]mÀ«n-sb P-\m- [n-]-Xy kzm-X-{´y-sa-¶ k-¦Â-¸-hp-am-bn tNÀ-

hn-]p-eo-Ir-X kw-Øm-\ I-½n-än F-´v? F-´n-\v?

k: Fw.hn tKm-hn-μ³ am-ÌÀ kn.]n.sF.(Fw) kw-kv--Ym-\ sk-{I-«-dn

\nb-a-k-`m sX-c-sª -Sp-¸n A-{]-Xo-£ n- a-\-Ên-em-¡ n

]mÀ-«n kw-kv--Ym-\

I-½n-än-sb

X-am-b Xn-cn-¨-Sn-sb \-ap-¡ v t\-cn-tS-n h-¶p. A-dn-bn-¨p. Xp-SÀ-¶v, kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än Aw-K-§ Ä

C-¯-c-sam-cp

Xn-cn-¨-Sn kw-`-hn-¡ p-sa-¶ ]-s¦-Sp¯p-sIm-v

G-cn-bm I-½n-äntbm-K-§ Ä tN- Im-cyw ]mÀ-«n-bp-sS hn-hn-[ L-S-I-§ Ä-¡ v cp-I-bpw sN-bv--Xp. A-Xn-\p-ti-jw, Pn-Ãm I-½n-än I-s-¯m-\m-bn-Ã

F-¶ Im-cy-hpw \mw hn-e-bn- Aw-K-§ Ä ]-s¦-Sp-¯v tem-¡ Â I-½n-än-I-fpw, G-cncp-¯p-I-bp-m-bn.

Ku-c-h-I-c-am-b Cu km-l-N- bm I-½n-än Aw-K-§ Ä ]-s¦-Sp-¯v {_m-© p-I-fpw cy-s¯ I-W-¡ n-se-Sp-¯v sX-c-sª -Sp-¸v dn-hyp tbm-Kw tNÀ-¶p. B hn-h-c-§ -sf-Ãmw ]mÀ--«n kw-kv-- X-¿m-dm-¡ n-b-Xv I-gn-ª

Im-e-§ -fn \n-¶pw Ym-\ skâÀ ti-J-cn-¡ p-I-bpw sN-bv--Xp. sX-chy-Xy-kv--X-am-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv.

sª -Sp-¸v dn-hyp X-¿m-dm-¡ p-¶-Xv kw-_Ôn-¨v tIkm-[m-c-W \n-b-a-k-`m sX-c-sª -Sp-¸v {μ I-½n-än ap-t¶m-«p-sh-¨ Im-cy-§ -fpw DÄ-s¡ m-p- \-S-¶m A-Xv kw-Ôn-¨ dn-hyp kw-kv--Ym-\ sIm-m-Wv kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än dn-hyp dn-t¸mÀ-«n-te-

I-½n-än X-¿m-dm¡ p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-I. F-¶m ¡ v I-S-¶-Xv. C-¯-h-W B ]-Xn-hn-\v am-äw h-cp-¯n. kw-kv--

2026 sa-bv 13, 14 Xo-¿-Xn-I-fn tNÀ-¶v ]mÀ-Sn Ym-\ I-½n-än dnhyp X-¿m-dm-¡ p-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼v kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än tbm-Kw dn-t¸mÀ-«v hn-i-Z-am-bn hn-hn-[ L-S-I-§ -fp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-§ Ä B-cm-b- NÀ-¨ sN-bv--Xp. sF-Iy-I--Wv-tT-\ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨ Cu W-sa-¶v \n-Ý-bn-¨p. A-Xn-\v k-lm-b-I-c-am-b dn-t¸mÀ-«v ]mÀ--«n L-S-I-§ -fn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡ p-I- H-cp Ip-dn-¸v ]mÀ-Sn kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än X-¿m-dm- bpw sN-bv--Xp. A-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Ø--m-\-¯n B L-S- ¡ n \Â-Ip-I-bpw sN-bv--Xp. C-Xn-sâ A-Sn-kv--Ym- I-§ -fn ho-pw

NÀ-¨ \-S-¡ p-I-bp-m-bn.

C-tXm- \-¯n Pn-Ãm I-½n-än tbm-K-§ -fn kw-kv--Ym- sSm-¸w X-s¶ sX-c-sª -Sp-¸v ]-cm-P-b-s¯ kw-_- \ skâ-dn \n-¶pw k-Jm¡ Ä ]-s¦-Sp-¯p- Ôn-¨v _-lp-P-\-§ fn \n-¶v Iq-Sn A-`n-{]m-b-§ Ä sIm-v

NÀ-¨-bn D-bÀ-¶p-h-¶ Im-cy-§ Ä ti-J-cn-¡ -W-sa-¶ Im-cyw ]mÀ-Sn Xo-cp-am-\n ¨p. A- Xn-\m-bn {]-tXy-I-am-b hm-Sv--kv-B-¸v \-¼-dpw, C-sa-bn-

epw X-¿m-dm-¡ n. A-Xn B-bn-c-¡ -W-¡ n-\v A- Xp-hn-ep-Å cm-{ão-b {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X Im-cy-§ -fp-am- `n-{]m-b-§ -fm-Wv e-`n-¨-Xv. A-¡ m-cy-§ -fpw ]mÀ-- bn _-Ô-¸-«v In-S-¡ p-¶-Xv Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. A-¯-cw cwn kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än ]-cn-tim-[n-¡ p-I-bp-m-

K-§ -fn-se-Ãmw h-¶n-«p-Å t]m-cm-bv--a-IÄ Xn-cp-¯pbn.

¶-Xn-\p-Å {]m-tbm-Kn-I \nÀ-t±-i-§ -fm-Wv Cu hnsX-c-sª -Sp-¸v dn-hyp X-¿m-dm-¡ m³ tNÀ-¶ im-e kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än-¡ -I-¯v cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯m³ kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än s]m-Xp-hm-b ZuÀ-ºey§ - t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. sf-¡ p-dn-¨m-Wv ]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-¯n-b-Xv. ZuÀ-º-

10 hÀ-j-¡ m-e-s¯ kw-kv--Ym-\ `-c-Ww \n-c-h-[n ey-§ -sf I-s-¯n-¡

-gn-ª m A-h ]-cn-l-cn- t\-«-§ Ä P-\-§ Ä-¡ v \Â-In-bn-«pw A-Xn-sâ t\-« ¡ p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv \mw sN-t¿-

{]-[m-\-s¸-« § Ä sX-c-sª -Sp-¸n {]-Xn-^-en-¡ m-sX t]m-b- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-Xzw. C-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Ø--m-\-¯n tI- Xpw Ku-c-h-I-c-am-b {]-iv--\-am-Wv. A-Xv a-\-Ên-em-¡ n {μ I-½n-än-bp-sS \nÀ-t±-i-§ -fpw Iq-Sn DÄ-s¡ m- C-S-s]Sm-\p-Å ]-²-Xn-IÄ sIm-p-h-tc--Xp-v. p-sIm-v

]mÀ-Sn-bp-sS \n-e-hnep-Å kw-L-S- sa-¼À-jn-¸n \n-c-´-cw hÀ-²-\-hv D-m-Ip-¶p- \m ZuÀ-º-ey-§ Ä DÄ-s¸-sS ]-cn-tim-[n-¡ p-¶- s-¦ n-epw _-lp-P-\ kzm-[o-\w hÀ-²n-¡ m-sX Xn-\m-bn hn-]p-eo-Ir-X kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än sk-]v- t]m-Ip-¶ {]-iv--\-hpw \-ap-¡ v ap-¶n-ep-v.

C-sX-Ãmw X--wÀ 13, 14, 15 Xo-¿-Xn-I-fn tIm-gn-t¡ m-Sv sh-¨v ]-cn-l-cn-¨v kw-L-S-\-sb Iq-Sp-X i-àn-s¸-Sp-¯ptN-cm³ Xo-cp-am-\n-¨p. {]-Xo-£ n-¡ m-¯ ]-cm-P ¶-Xn-\p-Å `m-hn ]-²-Xn-IÄ B-hn-jv-¡ -cn-t¡ -- b-s¯ H-ä-s¡ -«m-bn t\-cn-Sp-¶-Xn-\v kw-L-S-\- Xp-v. sb {]m-]v--X-am-¡ p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv Cu hn-im-e kw-Øm-\-¯v FÂ.Un.F-^v kÀ-¡ mÀ \-S-¸n-em-

I-½n-än-bn-eq-sS D-t±-in-¡ p-¶-Xv.

¡ n-b ]-cn-jv--¡ m-c-§ Ä kv--Ym-]n-X XmÂ-]-cy-¡ mÀt\-c-s¯ A-Jn-te-´ym X-e-¯n sX-c-sª

• ¡ v s]m-Xp-hnÂ
• F-Xn-cm-bn-cp-¶p.
• A-¯-cw

Sp-¸v ]-cm-P-bw D-m-b

L-«-¯n \mw kzo-I-cn- i-àn-I-sf-Ãmw \-ap-s¡ -Xn-sc sX-c-sª -Sp-¸n cwt¡ - k-ao]-\-s¯ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\v K-¯v h-¶n-cp-¶p-sh-¶ bm-YmÀ-°yw \mw Im-tWhn-P-b-hm-U-bn tI-{μ I-½n-än-bp-sS hn-]p-e-am- -Xp-v.

C-¯-c-sam-cp IqSn-t¨-c-en-\v F-§ -s\ {]- b tbm-Kw hn-fn-¨v tNÀ-¯ncp-¶p. ]-Ýn-a _w- Xn-tcm-[n-¡ m-\m-Ipw F-¶-Xpw NÀ-¨ sN-¿-s¸-tS- KmÄ kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än-bp-sS hn-]p-e-am-b hn-j-b-am-Wv. hÀ-¤o-b kw-LÀ-j-§ -fn-Ãm-¯ tI-ctbm-Kw I-gn-ª

Zn-h-k-am-Wv ]qÀ-¯o-I-cn-¨-Xv. f¯n-sâ a-®v A-¯-cw A-P--IÄ

\-S-¸n-em- C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å kw-L-S-\m C-S-s]-S-en-sâ Xp- ¡ m³ {i-an-¡ p-¶-hÀ-¡ v {]-bm-k-§ Ä kr-ãn-¡ p- SÀ-¨-bm-Wv Cu hn-im-e kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än tbm- ¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. A-hÀ-¡ v F-´p-sIm-m-Wv

P-\-§ - Kw \-½p-sS ]-cm-P-b-¯n-\v hn-hn-[ L-S-I-§ -fp- sf kzm-[o-\n-¡ m³ I-gn-ª -Xv. F-§ n-s\ A-Xn-s\ v.

{]-Xn-tcm-[n-¡ m-\m-Ipw F-¶ Im-cy-hpw NÀ-¨ sN-t¿- kw-L-S-\m-]-c-hpw, cm-{ão-b-hpw, `-c-W-]-c-hp- -Xp-v. am-b L-S-I§ -sf-Ãmw A-Xn DÄ-s¡ m-n-« ptI-c-f-¯n-sâ km-aq-ly hn-Im-k-¯n-sâ `m-K-amv.

kw-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b ZuÀ-º-eyw F-¶-Xv s]m- bn C-S-¯-cw hn-`m-K-§ Ä h-fÀ-¶v h-¶n-«p-v.

¯c-sam-cp km-l-N-cy-¯n F-§ -s\ C-S-s]-S- Wv ap-t¶m-«p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. tI-{μ kÀ-¡ m-cn-sâ B- W-sa-¶-Xv kw-_-Ôn-¨v Iq-Sp-X hy-à-X h-cp- tKm-f-hÂ-¡ -c-W \-b-§ Ä-¡ pw, hÀ-¤o-b A-P-- A-¯-cw Im-cy-§ -fpw Cu hn-im- IÄ¡ pw Io-gv-s¸-«p-sIm-m-Wv ap-t¶m-«p-t]m-Ipt¯--Xp-v.

¶-Xv. Cu \-b-k-ao-]-\-§ Ä tI-c-fw t\-Sn-b t\-« e I-½n-än-bp-sS ]-cn-K-W-\-¡ v h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. cm-Py-¯v `-c-W-L-S-\m aq-ey-§ -sf X-IÀ-¯v § -sf-Ãmw X-IÀ-¡ p-¶-hn-[-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. Cu km-lap-t¶-dm³ {i-an-¡ p-¶ kw-L-]-cn-hm-dn-\v aq-¶v N-cy-¯n \mw t\-Sn-b t\-«-§ -sf kw-c-£ n-¡ m-\p- C-Xn-\v C-S- Å {]-hÀ-¯-\§ -fpw cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯p-I F-¶-Xpw ko-äv tI-c-f¯n t\-Sm-\m-bn-«p-v. bm-¡ n-b km-l-N-cy-§ -sf i-cn-bm-b co-Xn-bn C-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. sX-c-sª -Sp-¸v

]-cm-P-b-¯n-sâ

]-Ým-¯-e-

]-cn-tim-[n-¨v A-h-sc ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn- \p-Å IÀ-½-]-²-Xn-IÄ B-hn-jv-¡ -cn-¡ p-I F- ¯n FÂ.Un.F-^v X-IÀ-¶p-sh-¶v a-\x-¸m-b-k- ¶p-Å-Xpw {]-[m-\-s¸-«D-¯-c-hmZn-Xz-am-bn Cu ap-®p-¶hÀ tI-c-f-¯n-sâ N-cn-{X-s¯ A-dn-bm-¯- hn-im-e I-½n-än-bp-sS ap-¼m-sI I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶- h-cm-b-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.

• \n-c-h-[n {]-Xn-k-Ôn-I-sf
• A-Xn-Po-hn¨p-sIm-m-Wv
• ]mÀ-«n h-fÀ-¶p-h-¶-Xv.

Xm-Wv. P-\-§ Ä-¡ n-S-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¡ p-¶ ]mÀ-«n 1948 ]mÀ-«n \n-tcm-[n-¡ -s¸-«p, 1964 ssN-\ Nm-c- F-¶ \n-e-bn A-Xn-\n-S-bn h-¶n-«p-Å t]m- ·m-sc-¶v ]-d-ª v P-bn-en-e-S-¨p, 1975 A-Sn-b-´-cmcm-bv--a-IÄ F-s´m-s¡ -bm-sW-¶v Ku-c-h-am-bn h-kv--Y Im-e-¯pw k-am-\ A-\p-`-h-ap-m-bn. ]-cn-tim-[n-¨v Xn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-Å ]-²-Xn-IÄ X- 1977se sX-c-sª -Sp-¸nÂ

C-´y-bn-se-¼m-Spw ¿m-dm-¡ p-I F-¶Xpw Cu tbm-K-¯n-sâ {]-[m- tIm¬-{K-kv ]-cm-P-b-s¸-«-t¸mÄ tI-c-f-¯n-em-Wv \-s¸-«e-£ y-am-Wv. ]mÀ-Sn Aw-K-§ -fp-sS t_m- A-hÀ-¡ v ap-t¶-äap-m-¡ m-\m-b-Xv. F-Ãm tem-Iv-- [ \n-e-hm-c-hpw, {]-hÀ-¯-\ £ -a-X-bpw D-bÀ- k-`m ko-än-epw ]mÀ-«n-bpw, ap-¶-Wn-bpw ]-cm-P-b- ¯p-¶-Xn-\v ]-²-Xn-IÄ G-sXm-s¡ -bm-sW-¶v s¸-«p. \n-b-a-k-`-bn e-`n¨-Xv 17 ko-äv am-{X-am-Wv. A-Xv ]n-¶n-«m-Wv 18 tem-Iv--k-`m ko-än P-bn-¡ p-¶n-

NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-¶ tbm-Kw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv C-Xv. ap-X-em-fn-¯ k-aq-l-¯n-\-I-¯m-Wv \mw {]- S-¯pw, 99 \n-b-a-k-`m ko-äv P-bn-¡ p-¶n-S-t¯-¡ pw hÀ-¯n-¡ p-¶-Xv. I-½yq-Wn-kv--äv ]mÀ-«n-bm-I-s« F-¯n-t¨À-¶-Xv. 1957, 1967, 1980 F-¶o hÀ-j-§ -fn 2 hÀ-jw am-{Xap-X-em-fn-¯¯n-s\ X-IÀ-¯v tkm-jy-en-kv--äv ]-cn-{i-an-¡ p-¶-h- am-Wv ]mÀ-«n-¡ v `-c-W-¯n-en-cn-¡ m³ km-[n-¨-Xv.

hy-h-kv--Y kr-ãn-¡ m³ th-n cm-Wv. ap-X-em-fn-¯ k-aql-¯n-sâ sX-äm-b 1987  A-Xv 4 hÀ-j-am-bn. 1996em-Wv 5 hÀ-jw Nn-´-IÄ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw ]mÀ-Sn-bn I-S-¶v Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn kw-kv--Ym-\w `-cn-¡ m³ ]mÀ-Sn-bp-sS A-h Xn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn\p-Å `m-hn t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å kÀ-¡ m-cn-\v I-gn-ª -Xv. 2016\v h-cm-\n-S-bp-v. ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ-¡ pw Cu tbm-Kw Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp- ti-j-am-Wv Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn 10 hÀ-jw FÂ.Un.F-^v `-cn¨-Xv. Xn-cn-¨-Sn-I-sf A-Xn-Po-hn-¨v I-cp-t¯m-sS

¡ pw. hn-im-e kw-kv--Ym-\ I-½n-än ]mÀ-Sn-sb Iq-Sp- ap-t¶m-«p-h-¶ A-\p-`-h-am-Wv ]mÀ-«n-¡ p-Å-Xv. hnaÀ-i-\-hpw, kz-bw hn-aÀ-i-\-hpw \-S-¯n-s¡ m-v

XÂ DuÀ-Ö-kz-e-X-tbm-sS ap-t¶m-«p-sIm-pt]m-Im-\p-Å {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ Ä-¡ m-Wv t\-Xy-Xzw P-\m-[n-]-Xy tI-{μo-I-c-WXz-¯n-tâ-bpw DÄ-¸mÀ-«n \Â-Ip-I. hn-aÀ-i-\ kz-bw hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-eq-sS P-\m-[n-]-Xy¯n-tâ-bpw kw-L-S-\mco-Xn D-]-tbm-Kn- C-h \-S-¸n-em-¡ p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv e-£ yw sh-¡ p- ¨m-Wv ]mÀ-Sn ap-t¶m-«p-h-¶-Xv. Cu Xn-cn-¨-Sn-tb-bpw ]mÀ-Sn A-Xn-Pohn-¡ pw. A-Xn-\p-Å Xo-cp-am-\-§ Ä

¶-Xv. tI-c-f-¯n-se bp.Un.F-^v K-h¬-saâv tI-c- Cu hn-im-e k-t½-f-\-¯n-ep-m-Ipw. fw t\-Sn-b t\-«-§ -sf-Ãmw X-IÀ-¡ p-¶ hn-[-am-

“_qÀ-jzm P-\m-[n-]-Xyw a-[y-Im-e-s¯ A-t]-£ n-¨v N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn h-ensbm-cp ]p-tcm-K-Xnbm-sW-¶n-cn-¡ -bpw, ap-X-em-fn-¯-¯n³ Io-gn hn-tijn-¨pw ]-cn-an-X-s¸-«pw, A-e-t¦m-e-s¸- pw, A-k-Xy-hpw Im-]-Sy-hpw \n-d-ª pw C-cn-¡ m-t\ \n-hr-¯n-bp-Åp. k-¼-¶À-¡ v A-Xv kzÀ-¤- am-Wv. aÀ-±n-XÀ-¡ pw Z-cn-{ZÀ-¡ pw A-Xv sI-Wn-bpw \-c-I-hp-a-s{X. amÀ-Iv--kn-sâ kn-²m-´-§ -fpsS G-ä-hpw Im-X-em-bn-«p-Å k-Xyw a-\-Ên-em-¡ p-¶-Xn-em-Wv Iu-Sv--kv--In ]-cm-P-b-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. Cu au-en-I {]-iv--\-¯n-t·Â _qÀ-jzm-kn-sb '{]o-Xn-s¸ Sp-¯m'\m-Wv Iu-Sv-kv--In an-\-s¡ -«n-«p- Å-Xv. A-Ãm-sX _qÀ-jzm P-\m-[n-]-Xy-s¯ k-¼-¶-cp-sS P-\m-[n-]-Xy-am-¡ n-¯oÀ-¡ p-¶ kml-N-cy § -sf-s´-¶-Xn-s\-¸-än im-kv-{Xo-b-am-bn H-cp \n-cq-]-Ww \-S-¯m-\m-hpw." þ-se-\n³ (sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-h-© -I-\m-b Iu-Sv-kv--In-bpw)

Iq-Sp-XÂ I-cp-X-tem-sS I-cp-t¯m-sS P-\-§ -fn-te-¡ v k: F. hn-P-b-cm-L-h³ kn.]n.sF.(Fw) t]m-fn-äv-_yqtdm AwKw

C-¡ -gn-ª

\n-b-a-k-` Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸n-ep- ¡ p-¶ \n-c-h-[n \n-b-a-\nÀ-½m-W-§ Ä \-S-¸n-emm-b

Xn-cn-¨-Sn kn.]n.sF (Fw) kq-£ v-a-X-e- ¡ m³ hn-hn-[ C-S-Xp-]-£ kÀ-¡ m-cp-IÄ-¡ v km-[n- ¯n-ep-Å ]-cn-tim-[-\-IÄ-¡ v hn-t[-b-am-hp-I- ¨-Xv sIm-m-Wv km-aq-ly Xp-Ãy-X h-en-sbm-c-f-hv bp-m-bn.

tI-{μ I-½n-än {_m-© v X-ew h-sc-bp- D-d-¸m-¡ n-b kw-Øm-\-am-bn tI-c-fw am-dn-b-Xv. s]m- Å ]mÀ-«n I-½-än-IÄ \-S-¯n-b P-\-]-cn-tim-[-\- Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, s]m-Xp-P-\ B-tcm-Kyw, ]mÀ-¸n-Sw, I-fn-eq-sS I-s-¯n-b Im-cy-§

Ä Iq-Sp-X In-S-¸m-Sw F-¶o cw-K-§ -fn k-a-Im-e tem-I-s¯ hy-à-X-tbm-sS hn-i-I-e-\w sN-¿m-\pw `m-hn hn-kv-a-bn-¸n-¨ t\-«-§ -fp-m-¡ m³ tI-c-f-¯n-\v {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ Ä B-kq-{X-Ww sN-¿m-\p-am-Wv km-[n-¨p. a-säm-cp C-´y³ kw-Øm-\-¯pw C-Xn-\v tIm-gn-t¡ m-Sv sh-¨v hn-]p-eo-Ir-X kw-Øm-\ Xp-ey-am-b am-äw D-m-b-Xm-bn

Im-Wm-\m-hn-Ã. kzm- I-½n-än tbm-Kw tNÀ-¶-Xv. B tbm-K-¯n Xp-S- X-{´ym-\-´-c C-´y-bn-se `-c-W hÀ-¤-hpw `-c-W-Iq- ¨-bn F-Ãm Pn-Ã-I-fn-epw hn-]p-eo-Ir-X Pn-Ãm m-bv-a-bpw A-Xn-sâ `-c-W \nÀ-Æ-l-W-¯n-eq-sS

I-½n-än-IÄ tNÀ-¶v h-cn-I-bm-Wv.

e-£ y-an-«-Xv A-Xn-k-¼-¶ hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bm- 1957 ap-X hn-hn-[ L-«-§ -fn-em-bn aq-¶v bn-cp-¶p. \-b k-ao-]-\-§ -fm-sI B Zn-i-bn \o-¡ n- Z-i-I-t¯m-fw tI-c-f-¯n C-S-Xp-]-£ t\-Xr- b tI-{μ `-c-W-¯n \n-¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b kw- Xz-¯n-ep-Å kÀ-¡ m-dp-IÄ A-[n-Im-c-¯n Øm-\-¯n-sâ ]-cn-an-Xn hn-`-h km-[y-X-sb km-[m-ch-cn-I-bp m-bn

C-´y-bn-sem-cn-S-¯pw cm-Py-¯n- W a-\p-jy-sâ ap-t¶-ä-¯n-\p-X-Ip-¶ X-c-¯n sâ G-I-hpw {]-[m-\-s¸-«tZ-io-b {]-iv-\-am-bn-cp- tI-c-f-¯n-se C-S-Xp-]-£ -`-c-W-§ Ä-¡ v D-]-tbm-K- ¶ ImÀ-jn-I cw-K-s¯ `q-tI-{μo-I-c-Ww ]-cn-l- s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-b-Xv I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n \Â-In-b cn-¨v k-a-{K-am-b `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww \-S-¸n-em-¡ n, \n-im-t_m-[w sIm-m-Wv. Ir-jn-`q-an Ir-jn-¡ m-c-\v \Â-In P-·n-Xzw A-h-

H-cp Z-im-Ð-¯n-e-[n-I-am-bn Xp-S-cp-¶ \-tc-{μkm-\n-¸n-¨-Xv tI-c-f-¯n-se I-½yq-Wn-Ìv t\-Xr- tam-Zn `-c-Ww F-Ãm ta-J-e-I-fn-epw h-e-Xp-]-£ \-b- Xz-¯n-ep-Å `-c-W-am-Wv. km-aq-ly \o-Xn D-d-¸m- § Ä \-S-¸n-em-¡ p-I-bm-Wv. C-´y-bp-sS a-X \n-c-t]-

A-Sn-¯-d X-IÀ-¡ m-\m-{K-ln-¡ p-¶ BÀ.F- ¡ n-b Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸v k-Jy-¯n ln-μp, ap-Énw, {Inkv.F-kv hn-`m-h-\w sN-¿p-¶ \yq-\-]-£ hn-I-k- kv-Xy³, hÀ-Ko-b-X-I-sf-bpw D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n. C- \w cm-{ão-b `-c-W-\-b-am-bn C-Xn-\-Iw ]-cn-l-cn- S-Xp-]-£ kÀ-¡ m-cn-sâ t\-«-§ -sf a-d-¨p-sh-¨pw

¡ m³ I-gn-ª n-«p-v.

tImÀ-¸-td-äv A-\p-Iq-e h-e-Xp ]-£ m-\p-Iq-e B-i-b ]-cn-k-cw cq-]-s¸-Spkm-¼-¯n-I \-b-hpw km-{am-Py-¯m-\p-Iq-e hn- ¯m³ {]-b-Xv-\n-¨pw tImÀ-¸-td-äv am-[y-a-§ Ä h-etZ-i \-b-hpw tN-cp-t¼mÄ ]qÀ-W-am-bpw F- Xp-]-£ k-Jy-t¯m-sS H-¯p-tNÀ-¶p. N-cn-{X-¯n-

Ãmw Xn-I-ª

H-cp h-e-Xp-]-£ -`-c-W Iq-S-am-Wv se G-ä-hpw h-en-b C-S-Xp-]-£ hn-cp-² k-Jyw cq-]- tI-{μm-[n-Im-c-¯n-en-cn-¡ p-¶-Xv. A-an-Xm-[n-Im-c- s¸-Sp-¯n ap³ FÂ.Un.F-^v `-c-Ww h-cp-¶-Xv X- ¯n-te-¡ v \o-§ p-¶ tI-{μ kÀ-¡ mÀ _n.sP.]n S-b³ h-e-Xp-]-£ w kr-ãn-¨ I-f-hp-IÄ-¡ v kzo-Im- C-X-c kÀ-¡ m-cp-I-tfm-Sv hn-th-N-\-]qÀ-®-am-b cy-X In-«n-b-Xpw Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸v tXmÂ-hn-¡ v B-¡ w \n-e-]m-Sv kzo-I-cn-¡ p-I-bpw K-hÀ-WÀ Øm-\w Iq-«n. C-Xn-s\ A-Xn-Po-hn-¡ m³ C-S-Xp-]-£ -¯n-sâ tI-{μ-\-bw \-S-¸n-em-¡ m³ ZpÀ-hn-\n-tbm-Kw sN- kw-L-S-\m kw-hn-[m-\w A-]-cym-]v-X-am-b-Xpw Xn-c- ¿p-¶ co-Xn kzo-I-cn-¡ p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. Xn-I-¨pw sª -Sp-¸v tXmÂ-hn-¡ v C-S \Â-In. C-¯-cw H-cp ]- {]-bm-k-I-c-am-b Cu km-l-N-cy-¯n-em-Wv H-cp Z- cm-P-bw ap³-Iq-«n I-v

B-h-iy-am-b Xn-cp-¯-epim-Ð-Im-ew ]n-W-dm-bn hn-P-b-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯n- IÄ `-c-W-¯n \-S-¯p-¶-Xn h-¶ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iep-Å kÀ-¡ m-cn-\v A-Xn-sâ `-c-W-\nÀ-Æ-l-Ww fpw tNÀ-¶-Xm-Wv Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸v tXmÂ-hn. \-S-t¯-n h-¶-Xv. Cu {]-bm-k-I-c-am-b km-l-

Cu Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸v tXmÂ-hn-tbm-sS tI-c-f-¯n-se- N-cy-¯n-epw am-Xr-Im-]-c-am-b P-\-tk-h-\-am-Wv bpw C-´y-bn-se-bpw C-S-Xp-]-£ w ]qÀ-®-am-bn C- C-S-Xp-]-£ kÀ-¡ mÀ ]n-´p-SÀ-¶-Xv. A-Xn-Zm-cn- Ãm-Xm-hm³ t]m-hp-¶p F-¶ h-en-b {]-N-c-Ww I- {Zyw C-Ãm-Xm-¡ m-\pw hn-Zym-`ym-k B-tcm-Ky-ta-J- ½yq-Wn-Ìv hn-cp-²À {]-N-cn-¸n-¡ p-¶-Xv. I-½yq-Wn-Ìve-bn-se h-fÀ-¨ Xz-cn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw tI-c-f Im-cp-sS {]-hÀ-¯ \-¯n ]mÀ-en-saâv sX-c-sª kÀ-¡ m-cn-\m-bn. ]-Ým-¯-e ku-I-cy-sam-cp-¡ p- Sp-¸p-I-fn a-Õ-cn-¡ p-¶-Xpw hÀ-¤-k-a-c-¯n-sâ ¶-Xn h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-Å aq-e-[-\ \n-t£ -]w `m-K-am-Wv. hn-]p-e-am-b B-i-b {]-N-c-Ww P-\-§ Ä- \-S-¯m-\pw km-aq-ly-t£ -a ]-²-Xn-IÄ hn-]p-e- ¡ n - S - b n Â

\ - S - ¯ m - \ p w

X n - c - s ª - S p - ¸ v s¸-Sp-¯m-\pw `-c-W-L-S-\ X-e-¯n-se A-gn-a-Xn hn-P-bn-¨m ]mÀ-en-saâ-dn th-Zn-I-fn P-\-Io-b hn- C-Ãm-Xm-¡ m-\pw tI-c-f kÀ-¡ m-cn-\m-bn. h-en-b j-b-§ Ä D-¶-bn-¡ p-¶-Xp-am-Wv. ]mÀ-«n-bp-sS co-Xn \yq-\-]-£ P-\-kw-Jy-ep-Å tI-c-f-¯n Xo-{h A - ] q À - h

A - h - k - c - § - f n Â

A - [ n - I m - c w hÀ-Ko-b-X X-e-s]m-¡ m-Xn-cn-¡ m-\p-Å A-Xn-Pm- In-«n-bm A-Xn-s\ P-\-§ -fp-sS s]m-Xp ap-t¶-ä- {K-X-bpw tI-c-f kÀ-¡ mÀ {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨p. s]m-Xp- ¯n-\m-bn D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xpw hy-h-Ø-bpth H-cp _-Z am-Xr-I kr-ãn-¡ m³ I-gn-ª sS ]-cn-an-Xn-IÄ-¡ n-S-bn-epw km-aq-ly \o-Xn-bpw H-cp tI-c-f `-c-Ww Xp-S-cp-¶-Xv Xm-ev-]-cy-¡ m-cpw {]-Xn- ]-cn-[n h-sc km-Zr-iy-ap-Å-Xpw tI-c-f-¯n-\v t\-Smtcm-[-i-àn-I-fpw H-«pw C-ã-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-à F-¶- \m-b-Xv Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸v cm-{ão-b-t¯m-Sp-Å C-S-Xp-]- Xm-Wv bm-YmÀ-°yw. ]n-W-dm-bn-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xzk-ao-]-\-¯n-sâ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. F-¶m P- ¯n aq-¶mw X-h-W-bpw tI-c-f-¯n H-cp \-Io-b {]-iv-\-§ Ä G-sä-Sp-¡ m-\pw sXm-gn-em-fn FÂ.Un.F-^v kÀ-¡ mÀ A-[n-Im-c-¯n h-cp- IÀ-j-I P-\-hn-`m-K-§ Ä-s¡ -Xn-sc `-c-W-Iq-Sw \-S- ¶-Xv H-gn-hm-¡ m³ h-en-b-tXm-Xn-ep-Å {]-Xn-tcm- ¯p-¶ I-S-¶m-{I-a-W-§ -sf

{]-Xn-tcm-[n-¨v [-Iq-«m-bv-a-bm-Wv \-½p-sS kw-Øm-\-s¯ cq-]- t£ m-`-§ Ä \-bn-¡ m-\pw Pm-{K-X-tbm-sS {]-hÀs¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv.

bp.Un.F-^n-\v

]p-d-sa ¯n-¡ p-I F-¶ kp-{][m\ Np-a-X-e F-¶pw \nÀ-Æ- _n.sP.]n.bp-sS X-{´-]-c-am-b ssI-am-äw D-d-¸m- ln-¨ ]mÀ-«n-bm-Wv kn.]n.sF.(Fw).

h-e-Xp-]-£ -¯n-\v F-Ãm-Im-e-¯pw H-cp-an-¨v _n.sP.]n \-b-§ -fp-sS \-S-¯n-¸n-\m-Wv hn.Un k- \n-¶v I-½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-sc A-Sn-¨-aÀ-¯m-\m-hn-Ã. Xo-i-sâ `-c-Ww B-cw-`n-¨n-cn-¡ p-¶-Xv. K-hÀ-WÀ \- hÀ-¤-]-c-am-b A-Xn-sâ D-Å-S-¡ w {]-tbm-P-\-X- S-¸n-em-¡ p-¶ BÀ.F-kv.F-kv A-P--IÄ-¡ v \ne-¯n te-¡ v sIm-p-h-cp-t¼mÄ

B-`y-´-c XÀ- i-Ð-am-bn taÂ-NmÀ-¯v \-S-¯p-¶ ap-Jy-a-{´n-bm- ¡ -§ Ä kq-£ v-a-am-hp-I-X-s¶ sN-¿pw. _-Z W-Xv. A-[n-Im-c-¯n-\m-bn ap-Énw eo-Kpw Cu \-bw ap-t¶m-«v sh-¨v tI-c-f-¯n H-cp Z-im-Ðw BÀ.F-kv.F-kv hÂ-¡ -c-W-¯n-s\m-¸w \nÂ-¡ p- ]n-¶n-« C-S-Xp-]-£ kÀ-¡ m-dn-sâ `-c-W-¯n ¶p. h-tμ-am-X-cw ]qÀ-W-am-bn B-e-]n-¨pw ]n. Fw. hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn k-¼-¶ Xm-Xv-]-cy-§ -fp-am-bn {io \-S-¸n-em-¡ m³ t\-Xr-Xzw \Â-In-bpw C-Xv Abp.Un.F-^v ap-t¶m-«p t]m-hp-t¼mÄ Cu Xn-c- hÀ sX-fn-bn-¡ p-¶p-v.

H-cp Z-im-Ð-¯n-\v ti-jw sª -Sp-¸n A-hÀ-s¡ m-¸w \n-¶ km-[m-c-W- G-Xp cw-K-¯pw A-gn-a-Xn ]p-\-cm-cw-`n-¨n-cn-¡ p-¶p. ¡ mÀ A-h-cn \n-¶-I-epw F-¶-Xv \n-kv-XÀ-¡ - ap³-Im-e bp.Un.F-^v. `-c-W-t¯-¡ mÄ tI-c-f-¯nam-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s¶

Iq-Sp-XÂ P-\-Io-b- \v tcm-jw sN-¿p-¶ tZm-jw sN-¿p-¶ H-¶m-bn-cnam-b {]-hÀ-¯-\-ssi-en-bn-eq-sS C-t¸m-gp-m-b

¡ pw C-t¸m-g-s¯ tI-c-f kÀ-¡ mÀ F-¶v 100 Zn-hsX-c-sª -Sp-¸v Xn-cn-¨-Sn-sb A-Xn-Po-hn-¡ m-\p-Å kw sIm-v

X-s¶ t_m-[y-s¸-«n-cn-¡ p-¶p.

{]-hÀ-¯-\-§ -fn-te-¡ v ]mÀ-«n-sb B-sI \-bn-

Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸n-\v ti-j-ap-Å cm-{ão-b A-´-co- ¡ m-\m-Wv kn.]n.sF.(Fw) tI-c-f-¯n {i-an- £ w Iq-Sn hn-e-bn-cp-¯n `m-hn {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ Ä B- ¡ p-¶-Xv.

kq-{X-Ww sN-¿m-\m-Wv hn-]p-eo-Ir-X I-½n-än {i-an-¨- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-se-¯n-b A-hÀ Zn-h-k-§ Ä- Xv. A-Xn-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b X-c-¯n ]mÀ-«n L-S- ¡ p-Ån X-s¶ bp.Un.F-^v

A-Xn-sâ X-\n- I-§ -fp-sS-bpw Aw-K-§ -fp-sS-bpw _-lp-P-\ kw- \n-dw Im-«n Xp-S-§ n. ]p-Xn-b "kv-t]m¬-kÀ' hn- L-S-\-I-fp-sS-bpw {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ Ä Im--tem-NnX-amam-\-bm-{X-I-fpw a-{´n-am-cp-sS hn-tZ-i-bm-{X-I- b X-c-¯n sa-¨-s¸-Sp-¯m-\pw Iq-Sp-X P-\-hnfpw km-¼nÄ am-{X-am-Wv. h-cpw Zn-h-k-§ -fn izm-kw

BÀ-Pn-¡ m-\pw

{i-an-t¡ -

-Xpv. Iq-Sp-XÂ P-\-hn-cp-² \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn-te-¡ v Cu `- kw-Øm-\-¯v hÀ-¤o-b h-e-Xp-]-£ cm-{ão-b-¯n-\v c-Ww \o-§ p-sa-¶p-d-¸m-Wv.

G-sd kzm-[o-\-ap-Å a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-bn ]mÀ-«n-bp- Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸v H-cp cm-{ão-b k-a-cw F-¶ \n-e- sS kzm-[o-\ hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-¯n-\v B-h-iy-am-b NÀbn ssI-Im-cyw sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv C-S-Xp-]-£ co- ¨-I-fpw Xo-cp-am-\-§ -fpw s]m-¶m-\n-bn tN-cp-¶p Xn. Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸n-se P-b-]-cm-P-b-§ -sf ]-cn- hn-]p-eo-Ir-X Pn-à I-½n-än tbm-K-§ -fn D-m-hpw tim-[n-¡ p-t¼mÄ H-cp tXmÂ-hn-tbm-sS F-Ãmw F-¶ {]-Xo-£ -bm-Wv P-\-§ Ä-¡ v D-Å-Xv. A-h-km-\n-¨p F-¶v I-cp-tX--Xn-Ã.

tXmÂ-hn-

Kp-cp-hm-bqÀ t£ -{X-{]-th-I-\ k-a-c-¯n-sâ-bpw ¡ n-S-bm-¡ n-b hn-hn-[ L-S-I-§ -sf ]-cn-tim-[n-¨v _o-UnsXm-gn-em-fn {]-t£ m-`-¯n-sâ-bpw `q-an-I-bn- B-h-iy-am-b Xn-cp-¯-ep-IÄ h-cp-¯n Iq-Sp-X em-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bn hn-¹-h {]-Øm-\w t]m-cm-Sn- P-\-§ -sf {]-Øm-\¯n-s\m-¸w \nÀ-¯m-\p-Å b-Xv. I-t-¦ m-bn-se Ir-jn-`q-an-¡ v th-n-bp-Å

Xo- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ -fpw P-\-Io-b k-a-c-§ -fpw \-bn- £ -W t]m-cm-«-hpw C-hn-sS-bm-Wv \-S-¶-Xv. a-Õy- ¡ p-I F-¶-Xv A-Xn-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. hn-ti-jn-¨v Xo- s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS \n-c-h-[n A-h-Im-i t]m-cm-« {h-hn-cp-² i-àn-IÄ kzm-[o-\w hÀ-²n-¸n-¡ p-¶ § Ä-¡ pw Cu \m-Sv km-£ n-bm-bn. C-¼n-¨n_m-h- C-¡ m-e-¯v F-Ãm hÀ-¤o-b-X-I-fpw i-àn-s¸-Sp- sb t]m-se-bp-Å \m-Sn-sâ h-en-b k-a-cm-\p-`-h-§ - I-bpw tI-c-f-¯n Iq-Sn _n.sP.]n ta-[m-hn-Xz- fpw kmw-kv-¡ m-cn-I k-a-c kv-a-c-W-I-fpw I-cp-¯p- ¯n-\m-bn sN-¿p-¶ Im-e-am-Wn-Xv. tI-{μ ä ]mÀ-«n-sb am-äm-\p-Å A-t\z-j-W-§ Ä-¡ v h-gn- Im-«pw F-¶-Xp-d-¸m-Wv.

• (hÀ-¯-am-\w)
• k: ]m-tem-fn ap-l-½-Zv Ip-«n
• ]-s£ A-sXm-s¡ D-m-b-t¸m-gpw
• P-\-§ Ä h-

]mÀ-«n-bp-sS hn-]p-eoIrX kw-Øm-\ k-t½-f- \w tIm-gn-t¡ m-Sv sh-¨v \-S-¶p I-gn-ª -tÃm? A- f-sc k-Po-h-am-bn-cp-¶p . \-½p-sS ]mÀ-«n-bpw . A-Xv Xn-sâ Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn-«v hn-]p-eoIrX Pn-Ãm k-t½- ]-cn-l-cn-¡ p-¶-Xn-\v th-n

P-\-§ -sf B {]-f-bf-\-§ Ä h-cp-¶p . a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-bn-se i-àn ¯n-sem-s¡ A-h-sc c-£ -s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\v th-n tN-cp-¶ hn-]p- Iym-¼p-I-fn A-h-cp-sS Po-hn-Xw C-Xn-sem-s¡ h-ftI-{μ-am-b s]m-¶m-\n-bnÂ

\n-b- sc k-Po-h-am-bn-cp-¶p.

eoIrX Pn-Ãm k-t½-f-\-t¯m-Sv I-gn-ª ak-`m sX-scsª -Sp-¸n-se h-en-b Xn-cn-¨-Sn-I-fpc-m-a-s¯

A-© p-sIm-Ãw h-¶-t¸mÄ \-½-fpsS ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n F-´m-Wv ]-d-bm-\p-Å-Xv ? sS ]mÀ-«n K-h¬-saân-sâ ]n-¶m-se t]m-h-em-bn. P-\-§ -sf {]-iv-\w Xn-cn-ª p-t\m-¡ m³. A-Xm-Wv A-[n-Im-c- H-cp Cu t^m-Wn-ep-Å hÀ-¯-am-\-aÃmsX P-\-§ - tI-c-f-¯n-em-Zy-am-bn-«v

\-½Ä ¯n h-¶-Xv 1957þ-em-Wv . C. Fw. F-kv. K- fm-bn-«v bm-sXm-cp _-Ô-hpw \-ap-¡ n-à F-¶p-Å h¬-saâv . B K-h¬-saân-s\ A-© p-sIm-Ã- Øn-Xn-h-¶p. A-Xm-Wv `-c-Ww \-¶m-bn-«pw Xn-cn-¨-Sn In-«n-b-Xv.

t¯-¡ m-Wv P-\-§ Ä Xn-c-sª -Sp-¯-Xv . . ]- s£ 28 am-k-ta `-cn-¡ m³ k-½-Xn-¨p-Åq. ]n-cn- a-tä-sXm-cp Xn-c-sª -Sp-¸v h-cp-t¼mÄ A-Xn-\v sXmp-ap-¼v `-cn-¨ K-h¬-saân-sâ Ip-ä-§ -fpw Ip-d-hp-I-

¨p-hn-«p. ]n-cn-¨p-hn-Sm-\p-Å Im-c-Ww ImÀ-jn-I cw-K-¯p-Å Ip-Sn-sbm-gn-¸n-¡ Â A-h-km-\-¸n- fpw B-Wv thm-«À-amÀ ]-d-bp-I. A-Xv Cu co-Xn-bn-em a-tä co-Xn-bn-em F-¶v ]-d-bpw.

¡ m-\p-Å \-S-]-Sn-¡ v Xp-S-¡ w Ip-dn-¨p-sIm-m- Wv C. Fw. F-kv. Xp-S-§ n-b-Xv. A-Xv C-´y cm-

C-§ -s\ bm-sXm-cp {]-iv-\-hpw Cu Xn-c-sª -Sp-

Py-¯v B-sI {]-Xym-Lm-Xw D-m-¡ pw F-¶p- ¸n D-m-bn-Ã.

]-s£ tXm-äp. G-ä-hpw h-en-b

Å-Xv a-\-Ên-em-¡ n-bn-«m-Wv Cu K-h¬-saân-s\ tXmÂ-hn-bm tXm-ä-Xv. s\-{lp ]n-cn-¨p-hn-«-Xv. a-tä-sXm-s¡ ]-e Im-c-W-

A-Xn-sâ Im-c-Ww A-Xm-Wv. P-\-§ -fp-am-bn-«v

§ -sfm-s¡ ]-d-ª m-epw A-Xn-sâ b-YmÀ-° bm-sXm-cp _-Ô-hpw \-ap-¡ n-Ã. A-h-cp-sS {]-iv-\w

Im-c-Ww C-Xm-Wv.

G-sä-Sp-¯v F-s´-¦n-epw ]-¯m-fp-I-sf kw-L-Sn-¸n- A-Xv I-gn-ª v ]n-¶o-Sv ]-e K-h¬-saâp-I-fpw ¨v A-§ -s\-bp-Å GÀ-¸m-tS D-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

Cu h-¶p C. Fw. F-kv. X-s¶ `-cn-¨p. 1967þÂ h- I-gn-ª

A-© p-sIm-Ãw A-Xm-Wv kw-`-hn-¨-Xv

¶p. ]n-¶o-Sv \m-b-\mÀ h-¶p, hn. F-kv. h-¶p a-ä-h-cm-sW-¶p-s-¦ n h-f-sc k-Po-h-am-bn-«v

A-§ -s\ ]-e-cpw h-¶p. ]-s£

B K-h¬- saâp-I-fp-sS Im-e-s¯m-¶pw C-Ãm-¯ am-ä-am- cw-K-¯n-d-§ n. ho-Sp-IÄ tXm-dpw I-b-dn, thm-«À-am- Wv ]-¯p-sIm-Ã-s¯ ]n-W-dm-bn K-h¬-saân sc I-v

A-hÀ C-Ãm-¯ I-Y-IÄ H-s¡ ]-d-ª v B-Zy-s¯ A-© p-sIm-Ãw h-f-sc {]- sX-än-²-cn-¸n-¨v A-h-cp-sS Iq-sS \nÀ-¯n. ]n-s¶ A-

D-m-b-Xv. bm-k-am-bn-cp-¶p. Im-c-Ww \n-] A-Xp-t]m-se-X- h-cp-sS ]-W-hpw kzm-[o-\-hpw. C-Xm-Wv Xn-cn-¨-Sn. s¶ {]-f-bw ]n-s¶ tIm-hn-Uv H-s¡ B-bn-«v.

\yq-\-]-£ -§ -fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«n {]-tXy-In-¨v ap- kn. F-¨v. km-bn-_m-bn-cp-¶p A-¶-s¯ ap-Énw Éo-§ -fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v \mw Ip-td C-S-s]-S-epeo-Kn-sâ {]m-kw-Kn-I³. ]m-W-¡ m-«v X-§ -fm-bn-cp-

IÄ \-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶-tÃm ?

¶p sIm-Sn-bp-bÀ-¯n A-[y-£ -\m-b B-fv. A-¶v A-sXm-s¡ sN-dn-b Im-c-W-§ -fm-Wv. \yq-\- kn. F-¨v. ap-l-½Zv-tImb km-ln_n-sâ {]-kw-Kw n C-s¸m ap-Énw C§ -s\ B-bn-cp¶p.

]-£ w F-¶v ]-d-ª n-«p-s-¦ eo-Kn-sâ N-cn-{Xw \n-§ Ä-¡ v A-dn-bp-tam ? ..

C-´y-¡ v kzm-X-{´yw In-«p-¶ ]-£ w, kzm-X-{´yw Rm³ F-sâ Ip-«n-¡ m-e-s¯ Im-cy-§ -fm-Wv In-«-Ww F-¶p-Å bm-sXm-cp \nÀ-_-Ô-hpw ap-Énw HmÀ-¡ p-¶Xv.

eo-Kn-\n-Ã. In-«p-¶ ]-£ w ]n-¶o-Sv C-hn-sS `-c-W- Rm³ 1946þ a-e-¸p-dw K-h¬-saâv ssl- ¯n h-cp-¶-Xv tIm¬-{K-kv F-¶-Ã, ln-μp-¡ -fmk-v-Iq-fn ]Tn-¡ p-¶ k-a-b-¯v F-\n-¡ v cm-{ão- Wv. ln-μp-¡ -fp-sS `-c-W-¯n ap-Én-§ Ä-¡ v Po-hnb-sam-¶p-an-Ã. {]m-b-am-bn-«n-Ã. 14 h-b-Êm-bn-«p- ¡ m³ I-gn-bn-Ã. A-Xn-\p-Å D-Zm-l-c-W-ap-v. Åq. B k-a-b-¯v a-e-¸p-dw Pn-à C-¶-s¯ a-eap-Én-§ Ä ap-v

C-S-t¯m-«v D-Sp-¡ p-¶p. ln-μp-

¸p-dw Pn-à A-Ã. A-¶v Pn-Ãth-sd co-Xn-bn-em-bn- ¡ Ä ap-v h-e-t¯m-«v D-Sp-¡ p-¶p. ap-Én-§ Ä-¡ v cp¶p. B {]-tZ-iw ap-gp-h-\pw ap-Énw eo-Kn-sâ Nm-W-Iw \-P-km-Wv. ln-μp-¡ Ä-¡ v Nm-W-Iw ]p- B-[n-]-Xy-¯n B-bn-cp¶p. A-hÀ ]m-¡ n- Wy-am-Wv. Cu c-v k-ap-Zm-bw H-cp cm-Py-¯v F-§ -

Øm³ hm-Zw D-¶-bn-¨n-cp¶p.

s\-bm-Wv H-cp-an-¨v Po-hn-¡ p-I? km-[y-a-Ã. A-Xpl-am-cm

X-Iv-_oÀ A-Ãm-lp A-Iv-_À sIm-v

]m-In-Øm³ In-«n-tb Xo-cq. C-Xm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xm-Wv B-Zy-s¯ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw. A-Xv tI-«p. a- {]-kw-K-¯n-sâ D-Å-S-¡ w. X-]-c-am-bn-«pw H-cp hn-h-c-hp-an-Ã. a-tä hn-h-c-hp-an-

A-Xv ]-d-bp-¶-Xv B-cm? ap-Énw eo-Kn-sâ A-¡ m-e-

Ã. A-sXm¶pan-Ãm-¯-Xm-Wv ap-Énw eo-Kp-ImÀ.

¯p-Å a-e-_m-dn-ep-Å G-ä-hpw h-en-b t\-Xmhm-bn- C-Ém-an-t\-¡ m-fpw h-ep-Xm-Wv ap-Énw eo-Kv F- cp¶ kn. F-¨v. ap-l-½-Zv tIm-b km-ln-_v. k-¯mÀ ¶v I-cp-Xn-b Im-e-am-Wv. A-§ -s\ P-\-§ -sf tk-«v, kn. F-¨v. Cu c-m-fm-Wv

A-¶v a-e-_m-dn sX-än-²-cn-¸n-¨v D-m-¡ n-b-Xm-Wv ap-Énw eo-Kv.

ap-Énw eo-Kn-sâ t\-Xm-¡ -·mÀ.

A-¶v a-e-¸p-d-¯v tIm-«-¸-Sn ssa-Xm-\n-bnÂ

C-Xv C-Ém-an-sâ I-ev-]-\-bm-Wv F-¶p-Å a-«n-emsh-¨v G-Xm-v

B ssa-Xm-\n-bp-sS ]-Ip-Xn-tbm- Wv ap-Énw km-[m-c-W-¡ mÀ A-¶v A-Xv Im-Wp-¶- fw B-fp-IÄ \n-d-ª p-\nÂ-¡ p-¶ H-cp tbm-Kw. Xv. A-Ãm-sX cm-{ão-b {]-kw-K-am-bn-«-Ã. A-Xn-s\-Xn- A-¶v A-Xv A-Ûp-X-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww C-¶-s¯ cm-bn-«v \nÂ-¡ p-¶-hÀ ap-gp-h-\pw C-Ém-an-sâ i-{Xpam-Xn-cn P-\-kw-Jy C-Ã, cm-{ão-b {]-_p-²-X C-Ã. ¡ -fm-Wv. A-§ -s\-bm-Wv I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n-sb ]-s£ ap-Énw eo-Kn-sâ tbm-K-¯nÂ. a-cn-¨ th-«-bm-Sn-b-Xv.

A-Xn-Po-h-\-hpw ap-t¶-ä-hpw, ap-Énw kv-{Xo-IÄ ]n-¶n-« A-c\q-äm-v.

k: ]n sI ssk-\-_ kn.]n.sF.(Fw) kwØm-\ I-½n-än AwKw ae¸p-dw PnÃ-bnse P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS 70%¯n-e- [n-Iw ap-Énw a-X-\yq-\-]-£ -§ Ä A-[n-h-kn-¡ p- ¶ Pn-Ã-bm-Wv a-e-¸pdw. tem-I-¯v X-s¶ G-ä-hpw ap-Énw s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ-¡ v k-v-IqÄ ]T-\-¯n-\v kvp-¶ \-K-c-§ - tIm-fÀ-jn-¸v {]-Jym-]n-¨-Xv.

th-K-¯n h-fÀ-¶p sIm-n-cn-¡ ap-Énw s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ-¡ v a-{Z-k ]T-\w am-{Xw fn H-¶m-Wv C-t¸mÄ a-e-¸p-dw. a-e-¸p-dw Pn-à cq- ]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv 1967 em-Wv . A-Xn-\p-ap-¼v tIm-gn- t]m-cm k-v-IqÄ hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw \Â-I-W-sa-¶v t¡ m-Sv ]m-e-¡ m-Sv Pn-Ã-I-fp-sS `m-K-am-bn-cp-¶p Cu H-cp s]m-Xp-t_m-[w D-bÀ-¯n-s¡ m-p-h-cp-¶- Xn ap-Énw F-Pp-t¡ -j-\ skm-ssk-än-sb

{]-tZ-iw. ]-g-b X-e-ap-d-bnÂ-s¸-« ap-Énw kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡ v t¸m-ep-Å kw-L-S-\-IÄ Im-cy-am-b ]-¦p-h-ln-¨p. a-e-bm-f `m-jm ]T-\w X-s¶ \n-tj-[n-¡ -s¸-«n-cp- a-X-]T-\-t¯m-sSm-¸w s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw A- ¶p. A-¡ m-e-¯v a-e-bm-f-`m-j-sb B-cy-s\-gp-¯v Xp-h-gn tPm-en km-[y-X-bpw D-m-¡ p-¶-Xn A- F-¶m-Wv ]-d-ª n-cp-¶-Xv. B-cy³ F-gp-¯v d-_n-Iv tIm-tf-Pp-I-fp-sS hym-]-\w k-lm-b-I-c-ams]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ ]Tn-¨m A-hÀ I-Å am-¸n-f-amÀ- bn. km-aq-ly cm-{ão-b cw-K-§ -fn C-d-§ p-¶-Xn-\v

¡ v I-s¯-gp-Xpw F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p A-¶v bm-Ym- Øn-Xn-IÀ ]-d-ª n-cp-¶-Xv. Cw-¥o-jv `m-j \-c-I- kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡ v hn-e-¡ p-I-fpw D-m-bn-cp-¶p.

\n-e- ¯n-sâ `m-j-bm-sW-¶pw {]-N-cn-¸n-¡ -s¸-«n-cp-¶p. ¼qÀ B-bn-j 1952 \m-S-I cw-K-t¯-¡ v h-¶-Xnk-\m-D-Å a-àn X-§ -sf t]m-ep-Å \-thm- sâ t]-cn A-\p-`-hn-¨ Xym-K-§ Ä G-hÀ-¡ pw °m-\ \m-b-I-cp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ -fpw ]p-tcm-K-a- A-dn-hp-Å-Xm-Wv. X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W Øm-]-\- \ {]-Øm-\-§ -fp-sS C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpw h-gn-bm-Wv § -fp-sS `-c-W-k-an-Xn-I-fn-te-¡ v kw-h-c-Ww h-cpap-Énw kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡ v hn-Zym-`ym-kw \Â-I-W-sa-¶v ¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼v H-cp h-\n-X-sb t\m-an-t\-äv sN-¿p-¶ Nn-´-bn-te-¡ v ap-Énw k-aq-l-s¯ \-bn-¨-Xv. ]p-tcm-K-a-\ {]-Øm-\-§ -fp-sS C-S-s]-S-en-sâ `m-K-am-bn kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS ap-t¶-äw km-aq-ly cm-{ãob cw-K-§ -fn-epw C-t¸mÄ D-m-hp-¶p-v.

1967 A-[n-Im-c-¯n h-¶ k-Jm-hv C-Fw-F-kn-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å kÀ-¡ m-cm-Wv

B-Zy-am-bn

a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-bn s]¬-Ip-«n-I-fp-sS ]p-Xp-X-e-ap-d D-bÀ-¶n-«p-v.

`-ck-{¼-Zm-bw D-m-bn-cp-¶p. h-en-sbm-cp ]-¦v ]-© m-b-¯p-IÄ `-cn-¨n-cp-¶ X-\m-Syw I-fn-¨-Xn-sâ t]-cn {`-ãv IÂ-¸n-¡ -s¸-«nap-Énw eo-Kv A-h-cp-sS t\-Xm-¡ -fp-sS `m-cy-am-sc- cp-¶ a³kn-b-bp-sS-bpw Ip-Spw-_-¯n-\v A-Xn-s\ tbm _-Ôp-¡ -sf B-Wv A-§ -s\ t\m-an-t\-äv {]-Xn-tcm-[n-¡ m-\pw A-Xn-Po-hn-¡ m-\pw I-gn-ª -Xv sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶-Xv. A-§ n-s\ t\m-an-t\-äv sN-¿- Pn-Ã-bn-se ]p-tcm-K-a-\ {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-Ws¸-Sp-¶ kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡ v

]-© m-b-¯v Hm-^o-kv bn-em-Wv. km-£ -c-Xm {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn- Im-Wm-\p-Å A-h-k-cw t]m-epw In-«n-bn-cp-¶n- cp-¶ dm-_n-b-bpw tI-c-f-¯n-sâ k-¼qÀ-® km- Ã.

£ -c-Xm {]-Jym-]-\w \-S-¯n-b tN-em-tIm-S³ B-bn- 1980I-fn t]m-epw cm-{ão-b cw-K-t¯-¡ v I-S- jp-½ bpw a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-¡ m-cm-Wv. C-Xn-\v A-h-k- ¶p-h-¶n-cp-¶ ap-Énw kv-{Xo-IÄ h-en-b A-]-hm- cw H-cp-¡ n-b-Xpw C-S-Xp-]-£ kÀ-¡ m-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Z {]-Nm-c-W-§ Ä-¡ v hn-t[-b-cm-bn-cp-¶p. 1987 a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-bn-se ap-Énw kv-{Xo-IÄ A-S-¡ -ap-

]-© m-b-¯p-I-fn c-p ko-äv ho-Xw kv-{Xo-IÄ- Å kv-{Xo-k-aq-lw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¯ `-c-W-L-S-\m-]- ¡ v kw-h-c-Ww sIm-p-h-¶-Xpw

A-¶-s¯ \m-hm-b A-h-Im-i-§ -sf-bpw kzm-X-{´y-s¯-bpw FÂ-Un-F-^v kÀ-¡ m-cm-Wv. A-Xn-\p-ti-jw l-\n-¡ m-\p-Å {i-a-§ Ä Cu Im-e-¯pw bm-Ym- 1991Â A-tX kÀ-¡ mÀ Pn-Ãm Iu¬-kn-ep-IÄ Øn-Xn-I a-X ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ `m-K-¯p-\n-¶pw cq-]o-I-cn-¡ p-I-bpw A-h-bn-te-¡ v 30% kv-{Xo D-m-hp-¶p-v.

tÌ-Pn-te-¡ v k-½m-\w hm-§ m³ kw-h-c-Ww

GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bpw sN-bv-X-Xv I-b-dn-h-¶ ap-Énw s]¬-Ip-«n-sb a-S-¡ n A-b-¨-hkv-{Xo ap-t¶-ä-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯n H-cp Ip-Xn-¨p- cpw s]m-Xp-hn-S-§ Ä kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡ v A-h-Im-i-s¸-«-X- Nm-«-¯n-\v X-s¶ Im-c-W-am-bn. F-Ãm cm-{ão-b sÃ-¶v hm-Zw D-bÀ-¯p-¶-h-cpw C-h-cn DÄ-s¸-Sp- ]mÀ-«n-IÄ-¡ pw kv-{Xo-I-sf a-Õ-cn-¸n-t¡ -n

¶p C-¯-c-¡ mÀ-¡ v F-Xn-sc ]p-tcm-K-a-\ P-\m-[n-]- h-¶ km-l-N-cy-¯n-em-Wv ta kq-Nn-¸n-¨ Xy-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS i-Ðw D-bÀ-¶p-sIm-t-bn-cn-t¡ A-]-hm-Z-{]-N-c-W-§ -fn \n-¶pw kv-{Xo-IÄ -Xp-v tam-Nn-X-cm-b-Xv. kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS s]m-Xp-cw-K-t¯- ¡ p-Å h-c-hv i-à-am-bn. h-\n-Xm tUm-ÎÀ-amÀ, t\-gv-kp-amÀ, F³-Pn- \o-bÀ-amÀ, h-¡ o-e-·mÀ Xp-S-§ n h-\n-Xm ss]-eäv-amÀ h-sc F-¯n-\nÂ-¡ p-I-bm-Wv a-e-¸p-dw Pn- Ã-bn-se h-\n-X-I-fp-sS t\-«w. kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I cw- K-¯pw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ a-XnÂ-s¡ -«p-I-sf t`-Zn- ¡ m³ a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-bn-se ]p-Xp-X-e-ap-d-bn-se s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ C-t¸mÄ ss[-cyw kw-`-cn-¨n-cn- ¡ p-¶p. 1998 FÂ-Un-F-^v kÀ-¡ mÀ `-cn-¡ p-¶ th-fbn-em-Wv a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-bn sh-¨v Ip-Spw-_-{io {]-Øm-\w D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-¿-s¸-«-Xv. Pn-Ã-bn-se kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡ v km-¼-¯n-I-hpw kmw-k-v-Im-cn-Ihpw am-\-kn-I-hp-am-b D-t·-j-hpw ss[-cy-hpw X-tâ-S-hpw \Â-Ip-¶-Xn h-en-sbm-cp ]-¦p-hbv-¡ m³ Ip-Spw-_-{io-¡ v I-gn-bp-¶p-v. s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k Øm-]-\-§ -fn t]m-epw c-£ n-Xm-¡ -fp-sS k-½-X-an-Ãm-sX tÌ-Pn I-bdn \r¯w sN-¿m³ ]-äm-¯ hn-e-¡ p-IÄ D-mbn-cp-¶ H-cp Im-e-¯n-eq-sS Pn-Ã-bn-se ap-Énw s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ I-S-¶p-t]m-bn-«p-v.

C-¶v Hm- Wm-tLm-jw t]m-ep-Å ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn ap³-\nc-bn \n-¶v Xn-cp-hm-Xn-c I-fn-¡ m-\pw \r-¯w h-bv-¡ m-\pw H-cp hn-e-¡ pw X-§ Ä-¡ v X-S-Ê-a-à F-¶v kz-bw {]-Jym-]n-¡ p-¶-h-cm-bn ap-Énw

k: hn. ]n. A-\n kn.]n.sF.(Fw) a-e-¸p-dw PnÃm sk-{I«dn ae¸p-dw: ]mÀ-«n sI-«n-¸-Sp-¯-h-cpw sk-{I-«-dn-am-cpw sX-c-sª -Sp-¸v tXmÂ-hn-I-fp-sS ^-e-am-bp- Ip-¶-Xv--. \n-b-a-k-`m sX-c-sª -Sp-¸v ]-cm-P-b-¯n- Xn-cn-¨-Sn-I-fnÂ-\n-¶v-- ]mÀ-Sn-sb ^-e-{]-Z-am- \v ]-e Im-c-W-§ -fp-v.

kw-L-S-\m-]-c-hpw cm-jv-- m-b bn ap-t¶m-«p-\-bn-¡ m-\p-Å NÀ-¨-I-fpw Xo-cp-am-\- {So-b-hpw `-c-W-]-c-hp-am-b L-S-I-§ -fpw A-Xn § -fp-sa-Sp-¡ p-¶-Xn-\m-Wv-- kn-]n-sF(Fw) kw- DÄ-t¨À-¶n-«p-v.

C-¯-cw t]m-cm-bv--a-IÄ Xn-cp- Øm-\ I-½n-än-bp-sS hn-]p-eo-Ir-X-tbm-Kw tIm-gn- ¯p-¶-Xn-\p-Å {]m-tbm-Kn-I \nÀ-tZ-i-§ -fm-Wv t¡ m-«v-- tNÀ-¶-Xv--. C-Xn-sâ Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bm-Wv-- a-e- ]À-«n NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-¶-Xv--. ]-¯v hÀ-j-s¯ FÂ- ¸p-dw Pn-Ãm I-½n-än-bpw hn-]p-eo-Ir-X tbm-Kw tN-cp- Un-F-^v `-c-Ww \n-c-h-[n t\-«-§ Ä P-\-§ Ä-¡ v ¶-Xv--. {]-Xy-b-im-kv--{X-]-c-am-b D-Å-S-¡ -t¯m-sS- \Â-In-bn-«pw sX-c-sª -Sp-¸n A-Xv {]-Xn-^-en-¨nbpw cm-jv--{So-b hy-à-X-tbm-sS-bpw kw-L-S-\m-]-c- Ã. A-Xv a-\-Ên-em-¡ n C-S-s]-Sm-\p-Å {]-hÀ-¯-\- am-b I-cp-t¯m-sS-bpw ap-t¶-dm³ hn-aÀ-i-\-]-c- § -fm-Wv-- ]mÀ-«n B-hn-jv--I-cn-¡ p-¶-Xv--. kw-Øm-\-¯v FÂ-Un-F-^v kÀ-¡ mÀ \- hpw kz-bw-hn-aÀ-i-\-]-c-hp-am-b ]-cn-tim-[-\-bm- Wv-- ]mÀ-Sn C-¯-cw tbm-K-§ -fn-eq-sS e-£ y-an-Sp-¶- S-¸m-¡ n-b ]-cn-jv--Im-c-§ Ä Øm-]n-X-XmÂ-¸-cy- Xv--. G-ä-hpw Xm-sg-¯-«n-ep-Å L-S-Iw h-sc-bp-Å ¡ mÀ-¡ v s]m-Xp-hn F-Xn-cm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\m Ahn-aÀ-i-\- kz-bw hn-aÀ-i-\-§ -fn-eq-sS t]-cm-bv--a- hÀ \-ap-s¡ -Xn-sc sX-c-sª -Sp-¸n cw-K-¯v h- IÄ ]-cn-l-cn-¡ p-¶-Xn-\pw Iq-Sp-X I-cp-t¯m-sS ¶n-cp-¶p. hÀ-¤o-b kw-LÀ-j-§ -fn-Ãm-¯ tI-c-fap-t¶-dm-\pw ]mÀ-Sn-¡ p I-gn-bpw. \n-b-a-k-`m sX- ¯n-sâ a-®v A-¯-cw A-P³-U-IÄ \-S-¸m- A-{]-Xo-£ n-X tXmÂ-hn-¡ p- ¡ m³ {i-an-¡ p-¶-hÀ-¡ v {]-bm-k-§ Ä kr-ãn-¡ pc-sª -Sp-¸n-ep-m-b ti-jw {_m-© v-X-ew ap-X-ep-Å hn-hn-[-L-S-I-§ Ä ¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. cm-Py-¯v `-c-W-L-S-\m aq-ey-§ Ä \-S-¯n-b NÀ-¨-bn D-bÀ-¶p-h-¶ Im-cy-§ -fpw P- X-IÀ-¯v ap-t¶-dm³ {i-an-¡ p-¶ kw-L-]-cn-hm-dn- \-§ -fnÂ-\n-¶v t\-cn-«v-- e-`n-¨ A-`n-{]m-b-§ -fpw \v aq-¶v ko-äv tI-c-f-¯n t\-Sm-\m-b-Xpw a-tX-\n- ]mÀ«n-sb ]qÀ-hm-[n-Iw i-àn-tbm-sS ap-t¶m-«p-\- c-t]-£ {]-Øm-\-§ Ä-¡ v-- h-en-b Xn-cn-¨-Sn-bm-Wv--. bn-¡ m-\pw P-\-§ -fp-am-bp-Å C-g-b-Sp-¸w hÀ-[n-¸n- P-\-§ Ä-¡ n-S-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¡ p-¶ ]mÀ-«n F-¶ \n-e-bn {]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-se t]m-cm-bv--a-IÄ F-

¡ m-\p-ap-Å L-S-I-§ -fm-Ipw. aq-¶mw FÂ-Un-F-^v kÀ-¡ mÀ h-cp-sa- s´m-s¡ -bm-sW-¶v Ku-c-h-am-bn ]-cn-tim-[n-¨v Xn- ¶m-Wv {]-Xo-£ n-¨-sX-¦n-epw P-\-hn-[n a-dn-¨m-bn-cp- cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-Å ]-²-Xn-IÄ X-¿m-dm-¡ p-I-bm- ¶p. Cu cm-jv--{So-b km-l-N-cy-¯n-sâ Ku-c-hw I- Wv-- C-u tbm-K-¯n-sâ {]-[m-\ e-£ yw.

sX-c-

W-¡ n-se-Sp-¯m-Wv-- kn-]n-sF Fw ap-t¶m-«p-t]m- sª -Sp-¸v

]-cm-P-b-¯n-sâ

]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ

FÂ-Un-F-^v X-IÀ-¶p-sh-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-hÀ N-cn- {Xw a-\-Ên-em-¡ m-¯-h-cm-Wv. \n-c-h-[n {]-Xn-k- Ôn-IÄ A-Xn-Po-hn-¨m-Wv-- ]mÀ-«n h-fÀ-¶-Xv. \ntcm-[n-¨n-«pw ssN-\m-Nm-c-·m-sc-¶v ]-d-ª v P-bnen-e-S-¨n-«pw A-Sn-b-´-cm-h-Ø-bn th-«-bm-Sn-bnpw ]mÀ-«n X-IÀ-¶p-t]m-bn-«n-Ã. 1977þ-se sX-csª -Sp-¸n cm-Py-¯v-- tIm¬-{K-kv ]-cm-P-b-s¸- n-«pw tI-c-f-¯n A-hÀ P-bn-¨p. \n-b-a-k-`-bn e-`n-¨-Xv 17 ko-äv am-{X-am-Wv. F-¶m tI-c-f-¯nsâ N-cn-{X-¯n-en-Ãm-¯ Xp-SÀ-`-c-W-¯n-te-¡ v-- kn- ]n-sF Fw t\-Xr-Xzw \Â-Ip-¶ C-S-Xp-ap-¶-Wn- ¡ v-- h-f-cm-\m-sb-¶-Xpw \-½p-sS ap-¶n-ep-v--. kÀ-¡ m-cn-s\-Xn-sc-bpw C-S-Xp-ap-¶-Wn-s¡ -

]m-e-¡ m-Sv, tIm-gn-t¡ m-Sv Pn-Ãm I-½n-än-I- Xn-sc-bpw I-Å {]-Nm-c-W-§ Ä \-S-¯n-bm-Wv bp- fnÂ-\n-¶v, ]p-Xp-Xm-bn cq-]o-I-cn-¨ a-e-¸p-dw tI- Un-F-^v sX-c-sª -Sp-¸n-\n-d-§ n-b-Xv. F Un F- {μo-I-cn-¨v 1969 Pq¬ 20\v Pn-Ãm I-½n-än cq-]o-I-cn- ^n-s\-Xn-cm-b H-cp hn-im-e-k-Jy-am-Wv A-Xn-\m-bn ¡ p-t¼mÄ Xm-eq-¡ v A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p A-hÀ cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. ]-e-hn-[-¯n-ep-Å C-h- ]mÀ-«n {]-hÀ-¯-\w. G-d-\m-Sv, Xn-cqÀ, s]m-¶m-\n, cp-sS I-Å {]-Nm-c-W-§ -fn P-\-§ Ä sX-än-²-cn- s]-cn-´Â-a-® Xm-eq-¡ v I-½n-än-I-fpw \n-e-¼qÀ a- ¡ -s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. P-am A-s¯ C-Ém-an-b-S- Þ-ew I-½n-än-bp-am-Wv {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. ]m- ¡ -ap-Å-h-sc Iq-«p-]n-Sn-¨m-bn-cp-¶p bp-Un-F-^v tem-fn ap-l-½-Zv-Ip-«n sk-{I-«-dn-bm-bn 15 Aw-K Pnap-t¶m-«p t]m-b-Xv. bp Un F-^n-\p-thm Ãm I-½n-än-bm-Wv A-¶v-- cq-]o-I-cn-¨-Xv. ap-Énw-eo-Kn- Ip-cp-¡ m-¯ \p-W-I-f-S-¡ w P-am-A-s¯ C-Ém- \v ta-[m-hn-Xz-ap-Å Pn-Ã-bn A-h-cp-sS kw-L-Snan {]-N-cn-¸n-¨p. bp-Un-F-^v hn-P-bw X-§ -fp-sS {]- X B-{I-a-W-§ -sf A-Xn-Po-hn-¨m-Wv ]mÀ-Sn h-fÀhÀ-¯-\-^-e-am-sb-¶v A-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp-I-bpw sN- ¶-Xv. a-X-þ-km-ap-Zm-bn-I t\-Xr-Xz-§ -sf D-]-tbm- ¿p-¶p. Xo-{h hÀ-Ko-b-X-sb D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-I- Kn-¨pw Im-bn-I-am-bn B-{I-an-¨pw `-c-W-Iq-S `o-I-cbm-bn-cp-¶p bp-Un-F-^v.

X A-gn-¨p-hn-«pw \-S-¯n-b th-«-bv-¡ p-ap-¶n \nbp-Un-F-^v kÀ-¡ mÀ tI-c-fw ssI-h-cn-¨ Ý-b-ZmÀ-Vy-t¯m-sS s]m-cp-Xn. P-\-Io-b {]-iv-\- t\-«-§ -sf-Ãmw X-IÀ-¡ pw-hn-[-am-Wv ap-t¶m-«p- § Ä G-sä-Sp-¯v \-S-¯n-b t]m-cm-«-§ -fm-Wv-- t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. tI-{μ-kÀ-¡ m-cn-sâ B-tKm-f-hÂ- ]mÀ-«n-bp-sS _-lp-P-\m-Sn-¯-d hn-]p-e-am-¡ n-b-Xv--. ¡ -c-W \-b-§ Ä-¡ pw hÀ-¤o-b A-P³-U-bv--¡ pw F-¶m I-gn-ª

\n-b-a-k-`m sX-c-sª -Sp-¸n Io-gv-s¸-«m-Wv kÀ-¡ mÀ \-b-§ Ä. Cu \-b-k-ao-]- kw-Øm-\-¯m-sI-bp-m-b

Xn-cn-¨-Sn a-e-¸p-dw

\-§ Ä tI-c-f-¯n-sâ t\-«-§ -sf {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn Pn-Ã-bn-ep-ap-m-bn. _m-[n-¡ pw. kw-L-]-cn-hmÀ \-b-§ Ä A-tX-]-Sn

N-cn-{X-¯n A-Zzn-Xo-b Øm-\-ap-Å, {]- ]n-´p-S-cp-¶ Im-gv--N-IÄ ]n-Fw-{io-bn-epw h-tμ-am- t£ m-`-§ -fp-sS Nq-Spw Nq-cp-ap-Å s]m-¶m-\n-bn- X-c-¯n-epw I-p.

ap-Énw k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ-bpw em-Wv-- hn-]p-eo-Ir-X Pn-Ãm I-½n-än-tbm-Kw tN-cp-¶- hn-izm-k-¯n-sâ-bpw t]-cp ]-d-ª v C-d-§ p-¶ eo- Xv--. sN-dn-b a-¡ F-¶ t]-cn-em-Wv-- tem-I kmw-k-v- Kv a-{´n-am-c-S-¡ -ap-Å-h-cm-Wv C-Xv \-S-¸m-¡ m³ ap- Im-cn-I `q-]-S-¯n s]m-¶m-\n A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp- ¶n \nÂ-¡ p-¶-Xv. kv--t]m¬-kÀ-am-cp-sS sN-e- ¶-Xv--. ]u-cm-Wn-I Im-ew-ap-X tem-I-k-aq-l-hphn \m-Sp-Np-äp-¶ a-{´n-amÀ \m-Sn-\p-X-s¶ \m-W- am-bn k-¼À-¡ -ap-m-bn-cp-¶

Cu Xp-d-ap-J-\-K-cnt¡ -Sm-Ip-I-bm-Wv--. C-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-b i-à-am-b {]- ¡ v k-¼-¶-am-b km-ln-Xy-þ-kw-Ko-X-þ kmw-k-v-Imt£ m-`-am-Wp-b-cp-¶-Xv--. C-Xn-\p-ap-¶n kn-]n-sF cn-I A-Sn-th-cp-I-fp-v.

s]m-¶m-\n-sb tem-I-hp-

Fw F-¶p-ap-m-Ipw.

am-bn _-Ôn-¸n-¡ p-¶-Xn-se ap-Jy-I-®n-I-fm-bn {]- hÀ-¯n-¨-Xv-- \m-hn-I k-aq-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]-t¯- am-cn-I-fn N-c-¡ p-I-fp-am-bn tem-I-sa-¼m-Spw k- © -cn-¨ [m-cm-fw a-\p-jyÀ C-¶pw s]m-¶m-\nbn Po-hn-¨n-cn-¸p-v.

an-¨-`q-an k-a-c-a-S-¡ -ap-Å {]-t£ m-`-§ Ä G-sä-Sp-¯ C-u \m-Sv-- C-S-Xp-]-£ - ¯n-\v--, {]-tXy-In-¨v-- kn-]n-sF F-½n-\v-- i-à-am-b th-tcm-«-ap-Å a-®v-- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv--. s]m-¶m-\n-bn tN-cp-¶ kn-]n-sF Fw Pn-Ãm I-½n-än-bp-sS hn-]peo-Ir-X tbm-Kw h-cpw \m-fp-I-fn-se ap-t¶-ä-¯n-\v- - I-cp-¯p-]-I-cp-¶-Xm-Ipw.

• ]msem-fn ap-l-½-Zv-Ip«n
• C-¼-¨n_m-h sk-bv-Xm-en-¡ p«n
• D-½À am-ÌÀ
• ]n.]n. hm-kp-tZh³
• C.F³. tam-l³-Zmkv

s]m-¶m-\n-¯w km-ln-Xy-I-e-bn s{]m^. Fw Fw \m-cm-b-W³ k-¼-¶-am-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-]m-c- hm-hpw bp-h-Xn-bpw X-½n-ep-Å th-gv--N-bn ]n-d-¶ ¼-cy-sa-¶-Xv kÀ-Æ-k-½-X-am-b Im-cy-am-Wv. B Ip-ª m-Wv, Xp-SÀ-¶v, A-\y-Ym-in-Yn-e-am-b t\m-h-enk-ar-²n, A-f-hn-epw Kp-W-¯n-epw kw-Zr-iy-am- se D-]-I-Y-I-sf tImÀ-¯p-sI-«p-I-bpw, I-Y-bp-sS Wv. Kp-W-ta-·-bm-h-s« k-hn-ti-j-hpw A-\y-`n- ]-cn-k-am-]v--Xn-h-sc k-© -cn-s¨-¯p-I-bpw sN-¿p-¶ ¶-hp-am-Wv.

'hn-iz-\m-Y³'. kÀ-tÆm-]-cn Po-hn-Xw kp-μ-c-am-sWsX-t¡ -a-e-_m-dn-sâ-bpw Xp-SÀ-¶v tI-c-f-¯n- ¶pw am-\p-j-sc-Ãm-cpw kp-μ-c-·m-cpw kp-μ-cn-I-fpsâ-bpw N-cn-{X Po-hn-X-s¯ Km-V-am-bn kzm-[o- am-sW-¶p-ap-Å D-dq-_n-sâ A-Xyp-Zm-c-am-b ZÀ-i-\w \n-¨ a-e-_mÀ I-em-]w, A-\p-`-h-X-e-¯n-e-Ã, A- I-em-]w D-gp-Xp-a-dn-¨ a-®nÂ-X-s¶-bm-Wv hn-f-ª p- \p-`q-Xn a-Þ-e-¯n-em-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS km- \n-¶-Xv. aq-ly tN-X-\-bn {]-Xn-^-en-¨-Xv. Im-hy-`m-h-\-

A-t±-l-¯n-sâ "D-½m-¨p" F-¶ t\m-h-en-epw D-bbn-epw I-Ym-Jym-\-§ -fn-epw I-em-]-¯n-sâ \n- cp-¶-Xv I-S-epw ]p-g-bpw {]-W-b-`-cn-Xw C-W-tN-cpg ho-Wp-In-S-¸p-v.

"am-¸n-f e-l-f-sb-¶v t]-cp- ¶ s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS k-ap-\z-bm-ZÀ-i-¯n-sâ kw-KosIm-¯n \o-sf / am-\p-j-sc hoÀ-¸-S-¨v sIm-¶n-Sp- X-am-Wv. X-sâ a-I-\m-b 'A-Ðp'hn-sâ Iq-«p-Im-cn am- ¶ Im-ew" F-¶v ho-cm-]-Zm-\-Km-\ ssi-en-bn {X-a-à ho-«p-Im-cn-bp-am-hm³ D-d-s¨-¯n-b 'Nn-¶- C-S-tÈ-cn-¡ -hn-X-bn I-em-]-s¯ i-cn-bm-b sh- ½p'hn-t\m-Sv, "tam-sf C-Xv am-¹m-cp-sS ho-Sm-sW-¶-dnfn-¨-¯n A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡ p-¶p-v.

\m-Sn-sâ km- bn-tÃ?" F-¶v tNm-Zn-¨ D-½m-¨p-hn-t\m-Sv "C-Xv a-\p-jyln-Xy kw-k-v-Ir-Xn-bp-sS Xm-gn-I-¡ p-Sw t]m-se cp-sS ho-Sm-sW-¶m-Wv I-cp-Xn-b-Xv" F-¶ A-h-fp-sS ]-cn-e-kn-¡ p-¶ "kp-μ-cn-I-fpw kp-μ-c-·m-cpw" a-dp-]-Sn, \-½p-sS Im-e-¯n-sâ N-{I-hm-f-§ -fn-te- F-¶ {_-l-Zm-Jym-bn-I-bp-sS C-Xn-hr-¯ L-S-\ ¡ pw Nn-d-I-Sn-s¨-¯p-¶p-v. X-s¶ Im-eq-¶n \nÂ-¡ p-¶-Xv a-e-_mÀ I-em-]-

\mw ]mÀ-¡ p-¶ ho-Spw \m-Sp-sa-Ãmw a-X-§ Ä-¡ v ¯n-sâ s]m-Åp-¶ `q-an-I-bn-em-Wv. I-em-]-¯n- ]-¦n-s«-Sp-¡ m-\p-Å-X-Ã, a-\p-jyÀ-¡ v ]-c-kv--]-cw ]- sâ tIm-fp-sIm-

I-S-en H-ä-¯p-cp-¯p-t]m- ¦m-fn-I-fm-bn kv-t\-ln-¡ m-\pw Po-hn-¡ m-\p-Å-Xmse Im-W-s¸-« H-cp-ho-«n Ip-Sp-§ n-t¸m-b bp- sW-¶v s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-I-em ss]-Xr-Iw

F-t¸m-gpw A-dn-b-I-bpw ]-d-bp-I-bpw sN-¿p- ¶p-v.

C-S-tÈ-cn-bp-sS hn-Jym-X-\m-S-I-am-b "Iqp-Ir-jn"bn-epw, P-·n-þ-Ip-Sn-bm³ {]-iv--\-¯n-\v k-am-´-c-am-bn ln-μp-þ-ap-Énw {]-iv-\--hpw hn-\ykn-¡ p-¶p-v.

cm-Py-¯n-sâ hn-`-P-\-hpw, c-à- ]-¦n-e-am-b hÀ-¤o-b I-em-]-§ -fpw, cm-{ã-]n-Xmhn-sâ A-cpw sIm-e-bp-sa-Ãmw tNÀ-¶v D-f-hmb kw-LÀ-j-§ Ä-sIm-v k-¦p-e-h-am-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ k-μÀ-`w. '{io-[-c³-\m-b-cpw' 'A-_q-_-¡ À'dpw H-tc h-b-en C-d-§ n Ir-jn sN-¿p-I-bpw, H-Sp-hn C-cp-Ip-Spw-_-§ -fpw Htc ho-«n Iq-«p-Po-hn-X-am-cw-`n-¡ p-I-bpw sN-¿p- ¶p. A-hn-sS 'B-bn-j'bpw 'kp-Ip-am-c³'\pw X-½n-ep-Å A-\p-cm-K-h-Ãn-bpw ]q-¡ p-¶p. A-Xv ^-e-h-¯m-Ip-tam F-¶ B-i-¦-bp-sS-bpw Bi-bp-sS-bpw \n-g-epw sh-fn-¨-hpw ho-gp-¶ Xo-c- ¯m-Wv \m-S-Iw H-gp-In-sbm-Sp-§ p-¶-Xv. ']p-¯-\m-sam-cp-]-Ån XoÀ¡ mtam s]m-¶m- \n-bnÂ' F-¶v Fw. tKm-hn-μ-s\-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ, tI-c-f-¯n G-ä-hpw A-[n-Iw ]-Ån-I-fp-Å Cu sIm-¨p ]-«-W-¯n C-\n-bp-sam-cp ]-Åntbm? F-¶v Nn-e-sc-¦n-epw tNm-Zn-¡ m-\n-S-bp-v. F-¶m tKm-hn-μ³ 'aÀ-Xy-s\, A-h-sâ-Xmw amÀ-¤-¯n tNÀ-¡ m³,' a-\p-jy lr-Z-b-¯n ]-Wn-bp-¶ hm-Mv--a-b-am-b ]-Ån-sb Ip-dn-¨m-Wv ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. C-§ -s\ a-Xm-Xo-X-am-b am-\-hn-I-Xbp-sS hn-im-e-am-b s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS km-ln-Xy- I-e Xp-d-¶n-Sp-¶-Xv. Xp-d-Ên-te-¡ p-Å hm-Xn-em- Wv tI-h-e-am-b am-\-hn-I-Xm hm-Z-¯n-\-¸p-dpw, tN-cp-¶-Xv, A-[n-Im-cn hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ I-®nÂ

A-[zm-\n-¡ p-¶-h-cp-sS in-£ mÀ-l-am-b ]-£ w Ipä-am-sW-¶v \-¶m-b-dn-ª n-«pw, ']p-¯³ I-e-hpw A-cn-hm-fpw', ']-Wn-ap-S-¡ w', s\-Ãp-Ip-¯p-Im-cn ]m-dp-hn-sâ I-Y, '_p-²-\pw Rm-\pw \-cn-bpw', þ- A-S-¡ -ap-Å hn-{ip-X-§ -fm-b X-sâ c-N-\-I-fn ]- Xn-X-sâ Iq-sS ]-X-dm-sX \n-¶ I-hn-bm-Wv C-S-tÈcn. taÂ-]-d-ª

K-W-¯nÂ-s¸-«I-hn-X-I-fn {]- Xy-£ -am-bpw, ']q-X-¸m-«v', 'Im-hn-se-¸m-«v', þ-Xp-S-§ nb c-N-\-I-fn kp-hy-à-hpw ]-tcm-£ -am-bpw C-StÈ-cn-bp-sS \n-e-]m-Sv kp-Øn-c-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. I-hnbp-sS Xm-c-X-tay-\ A-{]-i-kv-X-am-b 'DuÀ-¨-bpw hn- ¯q-¶-epw' F-¶ H-cp I-hn-X-bp-v.

Im-en ']m-f- ¸m-gv-s¨-cn-¸n-«v' X-e-bn a-Õy-s¡ m-«-bp-am-bn Hm-Sn Hm-Sn X-fÀ-¶v ao³-hnÂ-¡ p-¶ 'Ip-ª q-k'sb Ip-dn- ¨m-Wv I-hn-X. 'hn-¯v \-¶m-bm hn-f-bpw \-¶mhpw' F-¶ km-am-\y t_m-[-s¯ I-hn-X tNm-Zyw sN-¿p-¶p. F-´p-sIm-m-Wv

Ip-ª q-k hn-X-¨ hn-s¯m-¶pw ap-f-¡ m-sX t]m-b-Xv? ]-I-e-´n-tbmfw ]-Wn-sb-Sp-¯n-«pw A-bm-fp-sS Po-hn-Xw Zp-cn-X N-cn-X-am-bn Xp-S-cp-¶-Xv?. hn-¯v hn-X-¡ pw ap-¼v a- ®v \n-c-¸m-¡ -Ww. A-k-a-Xzw \n-d-ª n-S-¯v, Ippw

Ip-gn-bpw D-Ån-S-¯v F-´v hn-X-¨m-epw F-{Xhn-X-¨m-epw hn-f-b-Ã, I-f-bm-Wv, hn-j-h-Ãn-IÄ am- {X-am-Wv h-f-cp-I-bp-Åq F-¶v ssI-hn-d-¡ m-sX Ihn Ip-dn-¨n-Sp-¶p-ap-v.

{]-iv--\w a-X-a-Ã, Po-hn-X-amsW-¶pw A-Xn-\p-]-cn-lm-cw, km-aq-ln-I km-¼- ¯n-I k-a-Xzw km-[y-am-¡ p-I am-{X-am-sW-¶p-Å t_m-[yw F-gp-¯n-se s]m-¶m-\n-¯-\n-a-bm-bn, \m-«p-cp-Nn-bm-bn, \n-e-\nÂ-¡ p-I am-{X-a-Ã Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p-v.

Bet¦m-Sv eo-em-Ir-jvW³ s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS ss]-Xr-I-hpw A-£ -c \-thm-°m-\-hpw C-t¸mÄ a-e-¸p-dw

Pn-Ã-bnÂ

DÄ-s¸-« s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I ss]-Xr-Iw b- £ -c \-thm-°m-\-¯n-\v Xp-S-¡ w Ip-dn-¨-Xv. YmÀ-°-¯n tI-c-f-¯n-se a-tä-sXm-cp {]-tZ-i- a-e-bm-fn-¡ v Xp-© ³-]-d-¼v kz-´w `m-j-bp-sS t¯-¡ m-fpw k-¼-¶-am-Wv. tI-c-fo-b kw-k-v-Im-c- P-·-`q-an-bm-Wv. E-Xp-hm-b s]-®n-\pw C-c-¸-\pw ¯n-sâ \-thm-°m-\-¯n-\v A-Sn-¯-d ]m-In-b Zm-l-I-\pw ]-Xn-X-\pw A-Kv-\n-b-P-\-\w sN-bv-X hy-Xy-kv-X N-cn-{X- `q-kp-c-\pw H-cp-t]m-se k-a-`m-h-\-bp-sS B-Zymam-\-hn-I N-e-\-§ Ä-¡ v c-p L-«-§ -fn t\-Xr-Xzw \Â-In-b a-lm-c-Y-·mÀ £ -cw Ip-dn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯ Cu Kp-cp-Ip-e-am-Wv ]-e-cpw ]-g-b s]m-¶m-\n-bn-em-Wv P-\n-¨p h-fÀ-¶- ]-g-b s]m-¶m-\n a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v \Â-In-b a-l- Xv. Pm-Xn-þ-a-X hn-`m-Ko-b-X-I-fpw a-X-tZz-j-hp-an-Ãm- ¯m-b ss]-Xr-Iw. km-[m-c-W-¡ m-cm-b a-\p-jyÀ ¯ k-aq-lw, Nq-j-W-c-ln-X-am-b a-\p-jy-hÀ-¤w, Cu a-®n kw-km-cn-¨n-cp-¶ `m-j-bv-¡ v F-gp-¯- A-]-c-sâ i-Ðw kw-Ko-Xw t]m-se B-kz-Zn-¡ p- ѳ H-cp a-tX-X-c am-\-h kw-k-v-Im-cw kr-ãn-¨p am-dm-Ip-¶ Im-ew Xp-S-§ n am-\-hn-I-am-b ]-e \Â-In.

]-Xn-\m-dmw

\q-äm-nÂ

`m-j-bp-sS In-\m-hp-I-fpw ]nÂ-¡ m-e-¯v s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS \-thm-°m-\-¯n-eq-sS F-Ãm hn-`m-Ko-b-X-IÄv ap-t¼ X-s¶ ]n-d-hn-sIm- ¡ pw A-Xo-X-am-b kzm-X-{´y-am-Wv Xp-© -s¯-gpa-®n \q-äm-p-IÄ-¡

¯-ѳ Xp-d-¶n-«-Xv. tI-c-f-¯n-sâ s]m-Xp-Po-hn-Xn-cp-¶p. A-Xn-sâ Xp-S-¡ w ]-g-b s]m-¶m-\n Xm-eq- ¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ P-\-Io-b \-thm-°m-\-am-bn-cp- \n-¶m-bn-cp- ¶p A-Xv. Pm-Xn-bn Xm-gv-¶-h-cp-sS a-¡ Ä-¡ pw

¡ nÂ-s¸-« Xn-cqÀ Xr-¡ -n-bq-cn ¶p. Xp-© ³-]-d-¼v F-¶v {]-i-kv-X-am-b Cu a-®n- ap-kÂ-am-\m-b a-c-¡ m-sâ Ip-«n-¡ pw B-Nm-cy³ ap-¼v a-e-bm-f `m-jm-]n-Xm- A-£ -cw ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-In. ]n-¶o-Sv B \-thmem-Wv \m-ep \q-äm-p hm-bn \mw B-Z-cn-¡ p-¶ Xp-© -s¯-gp-¯-ѳ A- °m-\w ]p-Xn-b Im-e-¯pw Xp-SÀ-¶-Xv tem-I-{]-ikv-X a-e-bm-fw F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\pw ]-g-b s]m-¶m- \n Xm-eq-¡ n-sâ A-cp-a-]p-{X-\p-am-b Fw. Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \m-b-cm-Wv. km-ln-Xy, tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X, K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X ]m-c-¼-cyw F-gp-¯-Ñ-sâ k-a-Im-eo-\-cm-bn ]q-´m-\- hpw Ip-d-¨p-I-gn-ª p tam-bn³-Ip-«n ssh-Zy-scms¡ s]m-¶m-\n-bn-e-sÃ-¦n-epw s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS ]-cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-am-b G-d-\m-«n-em-Wv D-m-b-Xv. F-¶m a-lm kw-k-v-Ir-X ]-Þn-X-\pw I-hn-bpam-bn-cp-¶ taÂ-¸-¯qÀ \m-cm-b-W `-«-Xn-cn Ip-d- ¨p-Iq-Sn A-Sp-¯m-Wv; s]m-¶m-\n-tbm-Sv tNÀ-¶p In-S-¡ p-¶ sh-«-¯p-\m-«n-em-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Ø-ew. ]-Xn-\m-emw \q-äm-v ap-X s]m-¶m-\n-tbm- Sv tNÀ-¶p-In-S-¡ p-¶ {]-tZ-i-§ -fn K-Wn-X-imkv-{X ]-Þn-X-·m-cp-sS H-cp h-en-b ]-c-¼-c P-·- sa-Sp-¯-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. N-{a-h-«-¯m-Wv B-cy-`-Sm-

am-§ m-¸m-«v, ap-«-¸m-«v, aq- -¸m-«v, Ip-¸n-¸m-«v, \-cn-¸m-«v, It¨m-S-¸m-«v, a-¡ m-\n-¸m-«v, ]pen-¸m-«v, \n-k-v-Im-c-¸m-«v, bm- {Xm-¸m-«v, tXm-Wn-¸m-«v, am-e- ¸m-«v, ssa-em-© n-¸m-«v F-¶n- § -s\ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ F-Ãm A-\p-`-h-§ -sf-bpw sIm-cp- ¯p-sI-«n-b am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fpsS ]-c-¼-c-bn A-Sm-W-tÈcn lw-k-sb-t¸m-se {]-i-kv- X-\m-b H-cp Km-\-c-N-bn-Xm-hv s]m-¶m-\n

\-K-c-t¯m-Sv tNÀ-¶pm-bn-cp-¶p.

sI. kn. sam-à F-¶ {]-i-kv-X- \m-b a-säm-cp am-¸n-f-¸m-s«-gp- ¯p-Im-c-\pw s]m-¶m-\n \- K-c-¯n-em-Wv Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-Sm-W-tÈ-cn lw-k-bp-sS ]p-{X-\m-bn-cp-¶p dm-^n i-Ð- ¯n ]m-Sn-bn-cp-¶ J-eo d-

Nm-cy³ D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv

F-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X cw-K-¯n-sâ B-Nm-cy-\m-bn-cp-¶p Òm³. B ]m-«p-]-c-¼-c-bn B-[p-\n-I-Im-e-¯v B-cy-`-S³. B-cy-`-So-b-¯n-\v `m-jyw F-gp-Xn-b tI- ]m-«p-I-fp-sS k-a-c-Im-ew kr-ãn-¨, 'Hu-¨n-¡ ' Ff-ÃqÀ \o-e-I-WvT tkm-a-bm-Pn-bpw, Zr-¤-Wn-X IÀ- s¶m-s¡ R-§ Ä B-Z-c-thm-sS hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶ A- ¯m-hm-b h-S-tÈ-cn-bn-Ã-¯v ]-c-ta-iz-c³ \-¼q-Xn- ko-kv `m-bn, s]m-¶m-\n _m-h-¡ , s]m-¶m-\n amcn-bpw, X-{´-kw-{K-l-¯n-\v bp-àn-`m-j F-s¶m- bn³-¡ Xp-S-§ n H-cp-]m-Sv I-em-Im-c-·mÀ tI-c-fcp ]-¨-a-e-bm-f hym-Jym-\w F-gp-Xn-b {_-Ò-Z- ¯n-se ]p-tcm-K-a-\ cm-{ão-b {]-Øm-\-§ -fp-sS ¯³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bpw, I-c-W-]-²-Xn-bp-sS D-]- ap-¶-\n-c ]m-«p-Im-cm-bn s]m-¶m-\n-bn D-m-bncp-¶p. ]-t¯-am-cn-¸m-«p-IÄ F-¶ t]-cn ]p-cm-

Úm-Xm-hm-b ]p-Xp-a-\ tNm-am-Xn-cn-bp-sam-s¡ B K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X ]-c-¼-c-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn-cp- X-\ Im-e-¯v X-s¶ s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS I-SÂ-¸m-«p- IÄ {]-i-kv-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. B ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-em-Wv

C-¯-cw I-hn-IÄ ]-e-cpw \m-Wy-s¸-«p-t]m-¶-Xv.

am-¸n-f-¸m-«v ]m-c-¼-cy-hpw k-a-c-Km-\-§ -fpw A-Sn-¨-aÀ-¯-s¸-« P-\-hn-`m-K-§ -fp-sS ]-Z- ]-t£ A-hÀ ]p-tcm-K-a-\ cm-{ão-b k-a-c-§ ÄtLm-j-hpw kw-k-v-Im-c-hpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v km-ln- ¡ v ]m-«p-sIm-v t\-Xr-Xzw \Â-In. A-ko-kv `m- Xy-c-N-\ \-S-¯n-b am-¸n-f-¸m-«v ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ H- bn-bpw s]m-¶m-\n _m-h-¡ -bpw k-a-c-¸m-«p-Im-cm- ]nÂ-¡ m- bn-cp-¶p. ]m-«p-sIm-v

H-cp Nq-«p-sI-«n tam-¯p-Ipcp h-en-b [m-c-bpw s]m-¶m-\n-bn-ep-v. e-¯v am-¸n-f t^m-t¢m-dn-sâ kw-k-v-Ir-Xn-¡ v D-¶- ¯n-b k-a-c-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bn C-S- X-am-b Øm-\w t\-Sn-s¡ m-Sp-¯ tam-bn³-Ip-«n Xp-]-£ cm-{ão-bw i-àn-s¸-«-Xv. ssh-ZyÀ s]m-¶m-\n-¡ m-c-\-sÃ-¦n-epw tam-bn³-Ip- _o-Un sXm-gn-em-fn k-a-c-hpw cm-{ão-b ap-t¶-ä-hpw A-¡ m-e-¯v 1939þ s]m-¶m-\n-bn \-S-¶ n ssh-Zy-cp-sS kzm-[o-\-¯n Ip-sd F-gp-¯p- H-¶v A-Xn-{]-i-kv-X-am-b _o-Un sX-dp-¸v sXm-gn-em-fn-I-

ImÀ s]m-¶m-\n ]-cn-k-c-§ -fn D-m-bn. Iq-«m-bv-¡ m-c-\m-b am-\-¡ m-c-I-¯v Ip-ª n-t¡ m- fp-sS k-a-c-¯n H-cp am-¸n-f-¸m-«m-Wv k-a-c-Km-\- b-bm-Wv. C-¶v Im-Wp-¶ H-¸-\-¸m-«p-IÄ-s¡ m- am-bn t{]w-Pn ]m-Sn-s¡ m-p

\-S-¶-Xv. s]m-¶m-\ns¡ A-Sn-Øm-\-an-«-Xv am-\-¡ m-c-I-¯v Ip-ª n- ¡ m-c-\m-b F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv B ]m-«v F-gp-Xnt¡ m-b-bm-Wv. ]p-¶-bqÀ-¡ p-fw _m-¸p ]-g-b b-Xv:

"th-e hn-bÀ-¸p-IÄ h-äpw ap-t¼ s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS {]-i-kv-X-\m-b am-¸n-f-¸m-«v c-N-

Iq-en sIm-Sp-¡ -W-sa-¶v A-cpÄ sN-bv-Xp bn-Xm-hm-bn-cp-¶p. A-Xn-epw ]-g-¡ -ap-v

B-- sIm-Ãm-s¡ m-e-IÄ F-XnÀ-¡ pw t¯m-Sv Ip-f-§ -c ho-«n sam-bv-Xp ap-Én-bm-cp-sS

Xn-cp-\-_n kz-Ã-Ãm-lp A-sse-ln-h-k-Ãw..."

]m-«p-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-\v. ip-Pm-bn F-¶ hn-in-ã {K-

1939þ-em-Wv Cu ]m-«v. 39þ-se s]m-¶m-\n-bn-se

Ù-hpw am-\-h-N-cn-{X-s¯-¡ p-dn-¨p-Å A-d-_n-a-ebm-f ]T-\-{K-Ù-hp-sam-s¡ F-gp-Xn-b ip-Pm-bn _o-Un sX-dp-¸v sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS k-a-cw a-e-¸p- Ip-f-§ -c ho-«n sam-bv-Xp ap-Én-bmÀ s]m-¶m-\n- dw Pn-Ã-sb tNm-¸-Wn-bn-¡ m³ hn-¯n-«h-en-b ka-c-§ -fn H-¶m-bn-cp-¶p. a-X-hpw {]-`p-Xz-hpw A-

¡ -Sp-¯v A--t¯m-Sp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p.

h-bp-sS F-Ãm-hn-[ {]-Xn-tem-a kz-`m-h-t¯m-Spw

Iq-Sn F-XnÀ-¯n-«pw A-Xn-s\-sb-Ãmw Xr-W-hÂ-¡ - I-gn-ª n-«n-Ã. ]-t£ A-Xn-\p-ti-jw C-¼n-¨n-_m-hcn-¨v ap-Énw kv-{Xo-IÄ h-sc A-¶v C-hn-sS k-a-c-cw- bm-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS cm-{ão-b \-thm-°m-\ \m- K-¯n-d-§ n. sIm-fm-Sn _m-e-Ir-jv-W³ F-¶ D-®n, b-I-\m-bn am-dn-b-Xv. h-f-sc km-[m-c-W-¡ m-cm-b C. sI. C-¼n-¨n-_m-h, sIm-fm-Sn tKm-hn-μ³-Ip-«n, ]m-h-s¸-« a-Õy-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ

]mÀ-¡ p-¶ ]n. ]n. _o-cm³-Ip-«n Xp-S-§ n C. bp. Pn. ta-t\m³ s]m-¶m-\n I-S-¸p-d-¯n-sâ lr-Z-bw C-¼n-¨n-_m-h- Xp-S-§ n [m-cm-fw ap-¶-\n-c I-½yq-Wn-Ìv t]m-cm-fn- tbm-sSm-¸-am-bn-cp-¶p. C-¼n-¨n-_m-h D-m-¡ n-sb- IÄ B k-a-cw ]Tn-¸n-¨ hÀ-¤-]mT-hp-am-bn-«m-Wv D- Sp-¯ am-ä-§ -fm-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-sb B-[p-\n-Io-I- WÀ-¶p-h-¶-Xv.

cn-¨-Xv. B AÀ-°-¯n B-[p-\n-I s]m-¶m-\ntI-c-fw C-¶pw th--hn-[-¯nÂ

Xn-cn-¨-dn- bp-sS in-ev-]n-bm-Wv C-¼n-¨n-_m-h F-¶pw ]-d- ª n-«n-Ãm-¯ hn-¹-h-Im-cn-bpw ZmÀ-i-\n-I-\pw F-gp- bmw. ¯p-Im-c-\p-am-b sI. Zm-tam-Z-c³ ]-g-b s]m-¶m- \m-S-I-þ-I-em {]-Øm-\-§ -fpw kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I \-thm- \n Xm-eq-¡ n-se Xn-cq-cn-em-Wv P-\n-¨-Xv. a-tX-X-c P- °m-\-hpw \m-[n-]-Xy I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ap-t¶-ä-¯n-\v hn-¯p-]m-In-

Cu \-thm-°m-\-t¯m-sSm-¸w tNÀ-t¡ -- b N-cn-{X-]p-cp-j-·m-cn H-cm-fm-Wv sI. Zm-tam-Z- Xm-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS \m-S-I-þ-I-em-k-an-Xn {]- c³. Zm-tam-Z-c-sâ ']m-«-_m-¡ n' F-¶ \m-S-Iw ]-g- Øm-\ N-cn-{Xw. hn. Sn. bp-sS-bpw Fw. BÀ. _n. b s]m-¶m-\n Xm-eq-¡ v IÀ-j-I-kw-L-¯n-sâ k- bp-sS-bpw t{]w-Pn-bp-sS-bpw \-thm-°m-\ \m-S-Im t½-f-\-¯n A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡ m³ F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv. A-h-X-c-W-§ Ä ]-e-Xpw s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS ]-cn-k- C. Fw. F-kv. B-Wv A-§ -s\ H-cp \nÀ-t±-iw sh- c-{]-tZ-i-§ -fn-em-Wv \-S-¶-Xv. B Im-e-¯m-Wv ¨-Xv. H-cp \m-S-I-ap-s-¦ n k-t½-f-\-¯n-\v Iq-Sp- s]m-¶m-\n tI-{μ I-em-k-an-Xn {]-Øm-\w D-m-

X i-àn-bp-m-hpw, B-cv \m-S-I-sa-gp-Xpw F- b-Xv. a-lm-I-hn C-S-tÈ-cn-bpw A-¡ n-¯-hpw F³. ¶v tNm-Zn-¨-t¸mÄ C. Fw. F-kv. ]-d-ª p: "hn-Nm- Zm-tam-Z-c-\pw Im-«p-am-S-hpw ]n. sI. F. d-lo-apw Hcn-¨m Zm-tam-Z-c-\v F-gp-Xmw". A-§ -s\ Zm-tam-Z- s¡ A-Xn-sâ `m-c-hm-ln-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. c³ F-gp-Xn-b ]m-«-_m-¡ n H-ä-bv-s¡ m-cp hn-tam-Ns]m-¶m-\n I-f-cn A-t¸m-tg-¡ pw h-f-sc k-Po- \ N-cn-{X-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶ \m-S-I c-N-\-bm-Wv. C. Fw. h-am-bn I-gn-ª n-cp-¶p. C-S-tÈ-cn-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz- F-kv. ZoÀ-L-Im-ew s]m-¶m-\n-bn-se s]mÂ-¸m- ¯n-em-Wv s]m-¶m-\n I-f-cn {]-hÀ-¯n-¨-Xv. D-dq-_v ¡ -c-bn H-fn-hn Xm-a-kn-¨n-cp-¶p. B Im-ew F-¶-dn-b-s¸-«]n. kn. Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W³, I-S-h-\m-Sv ]Tn-¸n-¨ k-a-c-]mT-am-Wv tI-c-f-¯n ]p-tcm-K-a- Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W³, Fw. tKm-hn-μ³ Xp-S-§ n H-cp-]m-Sv \ {]-Øm-\-s¯ h-fÀ-¯p-¶-Xn {]-[m-\-s¸-« {]-K-Û-cm-b F-gp-¯p-ImÀ B Im-e-¯v s]m-¶m- ]-¦p-h-ln-¨-Xv. A-´n-¡ m-Sv k-a-c-¯n-\pw ]p-¶-{]- \n-bn D-m-bn. þ-h-b-emÀ k-a-c-¯n-\p-sam-s¡ ap-¼m-Wv s]m-¶ms]m-¶m-\n \-½p-sS \m-Sn-\v ss]-Xr-I-am-bn \n _o-Un sX-dp-¸v sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS k-a-cw \Â-In-b H-cp k-a-{K ]p-tcm-K-a-\ kw-k-v-Im-c ZÀ- D-m-b-Xv.

i-\-¯n-sâ amÀ-¤-tc-J-sb C-S-tÈ-cn-bp-sS \m-ep- A-¶v ap-l-½-Zv A-Ðp-d-ln-am³ km-ln-_n-sâ h-cn-I-fn C-§ -s\ kw-{K-ln-¡ mw: in-jy-\m-bn tIm-gn-t¡ m-«v ]Tn-¨p Xn-cn-s¨-¯n-b C. sI. C-¼n-¨n-_m-h k-a-c-cw-K-¯v k-Po-h-am-bn

"sh-fn-¨w Xq-In-Sp-t´m-fpw h-X-cn-¸n-¡ -s¸-«-Xv. A-Xn-sâ ]n-¶m-se h-¶ \m-S-

• ]q-PmÀ-lw Xm-s\m-cm-i-bw
• I-§ -fm-Wv Im-«p-am-Sw \m-cm-b-W-sâ 'ip-²m-ßm-
• A-Xn-cp--gÂ

Nm-cp-t¼mÄ

¡ Ä', ]n. sI. ap-l-½-Zv Ip-ª n-bp-sS 'D-½n-tams]m-«n-¨m-Sp-I Xm³ h-cw..." \-·-sb kzo-I-cn-¡ p-I-bpw Xn-·-sb X-Åp-I- fpw', F. F. a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS 'C-_n-eo-kn-sâ abpw sN-¿p-¶ hn-th-I-am-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS am- ¡ Ä', F. kn. F-c-aw-K-e-¯n-sâ '\oÀ-¡ p-an-f- \n-s^-tÌm. B I-f-cn-bp-sS {]-[m-\-s¸-« F-gp- IÄ' Xp-S-§ n F-®-a-ä \m-S-I-§ Ä. B \m-S-I ¯p-Im-cm-b C-S-tÈ-cn-bp-sS-bpw D-dq-_n-sâ-bpw ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n A-h-km-\w h-sc \n-e-\n-¶ F-gptKm-hn-μ-sâ-bpw A-¡ n-¯-¯n-sâ-bpw Fw. Sn. ¯p-Im-c-\pw {]-hÀ-¯-I-\pw kw-hn-[m-b-I-\p-ambp-sS-bpw cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-sâ-bpw H-s¡ Xp-SÀ-¨- bn-cp-¶p Sn. BÀ. kn. A-¶-s¯ I-em-k-an-Xn {]- bn C-t¸m-gpw sI. ]n. cm-a-\p-®n-bpw, ]n. kp-tc- Øm-\-am-Wv tI-c-f-¯n I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n \n- {μ-\pw, ]n. ]n. cm-a-N-{μ-\pw, Im-e-Sn tam-l-\-Ir-jv- tcm-[n-¡ -s¸-«-t¸mÄ I-½yq-Wn-Ìv B-i-b-§ -sf W-\pw, A-´-cn-¨p-t]m-b ]n. ]n. D-½À-Ip-«n-bpw {]-N-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. hn. Sn. bp-sS km-aq-ly \-thm-°m-\ t]- {]-{In-b-bn Xp-S-§ n-b B-[p-\n-Io-I-c-W-hpw ]p-

Xp-S-§ n F-{X-sb-{X-tbm F-gp-¯p-Im-cp-v. sc-Sp-¯p ]-d-ª m Xo-cm-¯-{X F-gp-¯p-Im-cp- tcm-K-a-\ N-e-\-hpw I-½yq-Wn-Ìv {]-Øm-\-¯nsâ kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I ap-J-am-¡ n am-än-b-Xv \-½p-sS sS h-en-sbm-cp \n-c C-¶pw {]-hÀ-¯n-¡ p-¶p-v. Cu F-fn-b te-J-I-\pw B kw-k-v-Im-c-¯n-sâ `m- I-em-k-an-Xn-I-fpw hm-b-\-im-e-I-fpw a-äv BÀ-Sv-kv & kv-t]mÀ-Sv-kv ¢-ºp-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. A-§ -s\

K-am-Wv F-¶v a-d-¡ p-¶n-Ã. s]m-¶m-\n I-f-cn-tbm-sSm-¸w X-s¶ \n-e-\n- h-f-sc {]-[m-\-s¸-«N-e-\-§ Ä-¡ v t\-Xr-Xzw sIm- (h-t¶-cn) I-f-cn. A-Xv Sp-¯ {]-tZ-i-am-Wv s]m-¶m-\n.

¶n-cp-¶-Xm-Wv h-t-cn s]m-¶m-\n kw-k-v-Ir-Xn-bp-sS `m-K-am-Wv. \m-e-¸m-«v C-Ém-an-I hn-Úm-\ ss]-Xr-I-hpw tZ-io-b {]-Øm-\-hpw s]m-¶m-\n-¡ v C-Ém-an-I hn-Úm-\ ss]-Xr-

\m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m³ B-bn-cp-¶p A-Xn-sâ \m-b- I³. BÀ-j-Úm-\-hpw c-Xn-km-{am-Py-hpw am-{X-a- I-¯n-sâ H-cp {]-i-kv-X ]m-c-¼-cy-hp-ap-v.

ssi- Ã, ]m-h-§ -fp-sS ]-cn-`m-j-bpw A-t±-l-¯n-tâ-Xm- Jv ssk-\p-±o³ H-¶m-a³ s]m-¶m-\n h-en-b Pp-am- Wv. C. Fw. F-kv. H-cn-¡  am-Xr-`q-an-bn F-gp- A-¯v ]-Ån-bn Øm-]n-¨ ZÀ-kv A-¡ m-e-¯v B-[p- C-´y-bn-se a-X-hn-Úm-\-¯n-sâ h-en-b tI-{μ-am-

Xn-b H-cp ]T-\-te-J-\-¯n ]-d-bp-¶p-v: \n-I tI-c-f-¯n-se ]p-tcm-K-a-\ {]-Øm-\-§ Ä- bn-cp-¶p. tem-I-¯n-se X-s¶ ]-e ]p-Xn-b hns¡ m-s¡ hn-¯n-«-Xv \m-e-¸m-«v \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m- Úm-\-§ -fp-sS-bpw ]mT-im-e-bm-bn-cp-¶p s]msâ ']m-h-§ 'fp-sS ]-cn-`m-j-bm-Wv. \-½p-sS ¶m-\n-bn-se ZÀ-kv. A-hn-sS ]Tn-¨ {]-i-kv-X-cm-bn- ]p-tcm-K-a-\ km-ln-Xy {]-Øm-\-§ Ä B ]m-h- cp-¶p Ip-ª m-b³ ap-Én-bmÀ, sh-fn-b-t¦m-Sv D-aÀ § -tfm-Sv I-S-s¸-«n-cn-¡ p-¶p. B ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-em- Jm-kn, ^-co-Zv Hu-en-b, Ip-ª n-a-c-¡ mÀ i-lo-Zv Xp- Wv _m-em-a-Wn-b-½-bpw am-[-hn-¡ p-«n F-¶ S-§ n-b-hÀ. ssi-Jv ssk-\p-±o³ c-m-a³ c-Nn-¨ I-a-em kp-c-¿-bpw Fw. Un. \m-e-¸m-«pw sXm-«v 'Xp-lv-^-¯p ap-Pm-ln-Zo³' F-¶ {K-Ùw a-ekp-tem-N-\ \m-e-¸m-«v, kp-hÀ-® \m-e-¸m-«v Xp-S- _m-dn-ep-m-b

B-Zy-s¯ N-cn-{X {K-Ù-am-Wv. A-tXm-sSm-¸w Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-bn kÀ-tÆm-Z-

§ n-b H-cp-]m-Sv F-gp-¯p-ImÀ h-t¶-cn-bn D-mb {]-Øm-\w B-cw-`n-¨ tI-f-¸-Pn-sb HmÀ-¡ -Ww.

b-Xv. Im-«p-am-Sw \m-cm-b-W-sâ {]-[m-\-s¸-« tIm¬-{Sn- tI-f-¸-Pn s]m-¶m-\n F. hn. ssl-k-v-Iq-fn Ip- _yq-j³-kv \m-S-I N-cn-{X ]T-\-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸- sd-¡ m-ew A-[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. B Im-e-¯m- -Xm-Wv. B \m-S-I N-cn-{X ]T-\-¯n H-cp-]m-Sv Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bn-te-¡ v h-¶ 21þ-se e-l-f-¡ m-sc t]-sc HmÀ-½n-t¡ --Xp-v.

sI. Zm-tam-Z-c-sâ ]m- -_m-¡ n-tbm-sSm-¸w {]-[m-\-s¸-«-Xm-Wv C-S-tÈ-cnbp-sS 'Iq-«p-Ir-jn'. 1951þÂ s]m-¶m-\n tI-{μ I-em-

tI-f-¸-sâ-bpw sI. hn. \q-dp-±o³ km-ln-_n-sâ ]n- Xm-hn-sâ-bpw s]m-¶m-\n X-§ -fp-sS-bp-sam-s¡ t\-Xr-Xz-¯n N-{a-h-«-¯p sh-¨v X-S-ª -Xv. tI-f- ¸-\m-Wv Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-bn kÀ-tÆm-Z-b ta-f-bv-¡ v Xp-S-¡ -an-«-Xv. tI-f-¸-sâ im-´n-Ip-So-c-am-Wv kÀtÆm-Z-b {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ tI-{μw. A-¡ m-e-¯v If-¦-a-ä tZ-i-kv-t\-l-¯n-\v {]-Xn-^-e-am-bn In-«n-b {Iq-c ]o-U-\-§ -sf Xp-SÀ-¶v 1935þ £ -bw ]n-Sn-¨v a-cn-¨ ]-d-bn-cn-¡  Ir-jv-W-¸-Wn-¡ -sc-bpw A-Xnsâ Iq-sS HmÀ-¡ -Ww. sI. hn. \q-dp-±o³ km-ln- _v, t{X-kym So-¨À, kn. tNm-bp-®n, _m-e-Ir-jv-Wta-t\m³, Ip-ª n-¡ -®³ \m-bÀ Xp-S-§ n [m-cmfw t]À A-¡ m-e-¯v C-hn-sS kzm-X-{´y-k-a-c {]- Øm-\-§ -fn ]-s¦-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. F³. ]n. Zm-tam- Z-c³ ]-g-b s]m-¶m-\n Xm-eq-¡ n X-h-\qÀ `m-K- ¯m-Wv Po-hn-¨-Xv. sI. ]n. kn. kn. {]-kn-Uâm-bncp-¶ sI. ]n. sam-bv-Xo³-Ip-«n s]m-¶m-\n-¡ -Sp-¯v Ip-än-¸p-d-¯m-bn-cp-¶p Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-bv-¡ v ap³-ssI-sb-Sp-¯-Xv C. Fw. F-kv. B-Wv. kzm-X-{´ym-\-´-c Im-e-¯pw ae-_mÀ hmÀ-ssW-hv-kv B-Îv (Malabar Special Police / Acts), am-¸n-f Hu-«v-td-P-kv B-Îv Xp-S-§ nb I-cn-\n-b-a-§ Ä-¡ n-c-bm-bn-cp-¶ a-e-¸p-d-s¯ ap-Énw P-\-hn-`m-K-§ -sf-bpw s]m-¶m-\n-bn-se ap- Énw P-\-hn-`m-K-§ -sf-bpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ Hcp kw-c-£ -W-¯n-te-¡ v D-bÀ-¯n-b-Xv C. Fw. F-kv. B-Wv. A-§ -s\ B-tem-Nn-¨m ]-g-b s]m-¶m-\n \Â-In-b ]p-tcm-K-a-\ km-aq-ln-I cm- {ão-b N-e-\-§ -fm-Wv \-½p-sS \m-Sn-s\ C-¶v Im- Wp-¶ hn-[-¯n a-tX-X-c {]-tZ-i-am-¡ n am-än-b-Xv. Nn-{X-I-em ]m-c-¼-cyw s]m-¶m-\n-¡ -Sp-¯v sh-fn-b-t¦m-«m-Wv hn-iz- {]-kn-²-\m-b Nn-{X-Im-c³ sI. kn. F-kv. ]-Wn- ¡ À ]n-d-¶-Xv. a-{Zm-kn-se k-v-IqÄ Hm-^v ss^³ BÀ-Sv-kn-sâ Øm-]-I ta-[m-hn-bpw t{]m-{K-ko-hv BÀ-«n-Ìv aq-hv-saân-sâ t\-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp-¶ sI. kn. F-kv. B-Wv Xm-{´n-I I-e-bn A-[n-jvTn-Xam-b \-½p-sS Nn-{X-I-em ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-\v tem-tIm- ¯-c-am-b B-[p-\n-I-X kr-ãn-¨p \Â-In-b-Xv. tc- Jm-Nn-{X-§ -fp-sS X-¼p-cm³ F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡ - s¸-«BÀ-«n-Ìv \-¼q-Xn-cn-bpw s]m-¶m-\n-¡ m-c-\mbn-cp-¶p. s]m-¶m-\n I-cp-hm-«v a-\-bn-em-Wv A-t±- lw P-\n-¨-Xv. hn-iz-{]-kn-² Nn-{X-Im-cn Sn. sI. ]- ßn-\n F-S-¸mÄ-¡ m-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p; \-¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS in-jy-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. B ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n Ct¸m-gpw s]m-¶m-\n \-K-cw tI-{μo-I-cn-¨v 'NmÀt¡ mÄ' t]m-ep-Å h-en-b Nn-{X-I-em {]-Øm-\- § Ä {]-hÀ-¯n-¡ p-¶p-v. D-]-kw-lm-cw: am-\-hn-I-X-bp-sS Xp-d-ap-Jw ]n-s¶-bpw ]n-s¶-bpw t]-sc-Sp-¯p ]-d- ª m Xo-cm-¯-{X F-{X-sb-{X-tbm I-em-Im-c-·mcpw F-gp-¯p-Im-cpw km-aq-ly-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cpw \- thm-°m-\ k-tμ-i-hm-l-I-cpw cm-{ão-b t\-Xm-¡ - fpw s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I N-cn-{X-¯nep-v.

A-]m-c-am-b a-\p-jy-kv-t\-l-am-Wv s]m- ¶m-\n kw-k-v-Im-c-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-[m-c. s]m- ¶m-\n H-cp-Im-e-¯pw A-]-cn-jv-Ir-X {]-tZ-i-am-bncp-¶n-Ã. \n-jv-I-f-¦-am-b kv-t\-l-hpw Xp-d-¶ a-\- Êpw D-Zm-c-am-b B-Xn-Yy-hpw I-e-h-d-bn-Ãm-¯ Imcp-Wy-hp-am-bn Cu Xp-d-¶ A-gn-ap-Jw t]m-se-¯- s¶ N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ s]m-¶m-\n Xp-d-ap-Jw F-{Xtbm \q-äm-p-I-fm-bn

C-hn-sS \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶p.

'Xn-n-kv'

F-¶ t]-cn A-dn-b-s¸-«]- Sn-ª m-d³ Xo-c-tZ-i Xp-d-ap-Jw s]m-¶m-\n-bm-bncp-¶p F-¶pw ]-eÀ-¡ pw A-`n-{]m-b-ap-v.

B Ncn-{X-¯n-te-¡ v Rm³ C-hn-sS I-S-¡ p-¶n-Ã. G-Xmbn-cp-¶m-epw tI-c-f-¯n-se ]p-tcm-K-a-\ cm-{ão-b kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I N-e-\-§ Ä-¡ v h-en-b kw-`m-h-\ \Â-In-b `q-{]-tZ-i-am-Wv s]m-¶m-\n F-¶v \n-Êwi-bw ]-d-bmw. Fw. tKm-hn-μ-sâ 'H-cp s]m-¶m-\n- ¡ m-c-sâ a-t\m-cm-Pyw' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se \m-eph-cn-IÄ D-²-cn-¨p-sIm-v

Cu te-J-\w C-§ -s\ kw-{K-ln-¡ mw: "R-§ -tf-h-cpw G-I-tem-I-¡ mÀ s]m-¶m-\n-¡ mÀ aÀ-Xy-s\ A-h-tâ-Xmw amÀ-¤-¯n tNÀ-¡ m-\m-bn ]p-¯-\m-sam-cp ]-Ån XoÀ-¡ m-tam s]m-¶m-\n-bn ]m-d-ta-e-Ã, ]p-Ãp-am a-WÂ-¡ m-«n-e-Ã, am-fn-I-¸p-d-¯-Ã, am-\-h-lr-Z-b-¯nÂ..." "a-X-a-Ã-tÃm am¬-]pw D-×-bpw a-\p-jy-sâ, ln-X-ta hn-th-I-ta \o hn-[n-IÀ-¯m-hn-\n ]q-P-bpw Iq-Zm-i-bpw Cu-am-\pw ]p-Xp-¡ p-I ]q-X-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ ]p-¯-cn-b-¦w sh-«n..." "B-sc \mw GÂ-¸n-¡ p-ao Im-cy-§ Ä? C-S-tÈ-cn tKm-hn-μ³ \m-b-cn-tÃ, Cu-gp-h-¯n-cp-¯n-bn k-¦-S-lÀ-Pn-bm-bv A-Ãm-lp lm-P-cm-bn F-¶m-tem Iq-«m-bv Ir-jn sN-bv-Xq-sS Zp-\n-bm-hn F-¦n A-§ -s\-¯-s¶, A-¯oÀ-¸n-\-¸o-ep-tm? R-§ -tf-h-cpw G-I-tem-I-¡ mÀ s]m-¶m-\n-¡ mÀ!"

I-e-bn-se h-\n-Xm t]m-cm-fn-¡ v

\-h-Xn

_-joÀ Np-¦-¯-d

\n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j F-¶ I-em-Im-cn-bp-sS kw- `-h-_-lp-e-am-b hn-kv-a-b-Po-hn-Xw tI-c-f-¯n-sâ kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I N-cn-{X-¯n-se X-s¶ H-cp hn-ti-js¸-« A-[ym-b-am-Wv. \n-e-¼qÀ ]-cn-k-c-¯v Po-hn- ¡ p-¶ H-cp kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I {]-hÀ-¯-I³ F-¶ \n-e-bn \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j-sb sN-dp-¸-¯n Xs¶ A-dn-bmw. ]-Xn-äm-p-I-fp-sS

I-em Po-hn-Xhpw, {]-hm-k Po-hn-X-hpw I-gn-ª n-«pw \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j F-¶ I-em-Im-cn-¡ v kz-´-am-bn H-cp ho-Sn- à F-¶ Im-cyw ]p-tcm-K-a-\ I-em-km-ln-Xy-kw- Lw Pn-Ãm I-½n-än-bn NÀ-¨-bm-bn. A-¶v kw-L- ¯n-sâ Pn-Ãm sk-{I-«-dn-bp-sS Np-a-X-e F-\n-¡ mbn-cp-¶p. B NÀ-¨-bm-Wv \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j-¡ v Hcp `-h-\w \nÀ-½n-¡ p-I F-¶ e-£ y-t¯m-sS \- S³ `-c-Xv ap-c-fn sN-bÀ-am-\pw Cu te-J-I³ I¬- ho-\-dp-am-bn \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j kv-t\-tlm-]- lm-c k-an-Xn F-¶ t]-cn H-cp k-an-Xn-bp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-te-¡ v \-bn-¨-Xv. Pn-Ã-bn-se ]p-tcm-K-a-\ I-em km-ln-Xy kw-Lw, tIc-f {]-hm-kn kw-Lw F-¶n-h-bp-sS t\- Xr-Xz-¯n tI-c-f-¯n-\v A-I-¯pw ]p-d-¯p-ap-Å

I-em-kv-t\-ln-I-fpsS-bpw ]p-tcm-K-a-\ {]-Øm-\-§ - fp-sS-bpw k-l-I-c-W-t¯m-sS [-\-k-am-l-c-Ww \-S-¯n \nÀ- ½n-¨p \Â-In-b ho-«n-em-Wv \n-e- ¼qÀ B-bn-j C-t¸m-gpw Xm-akn-¡ p-¶-Xv. {]-kv-Xp-X k-an-Xnbp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-Im-e-¯v Bbn-jm-¯ bp-am-bp-Å F-sâ ku-lr-Zw Km-V-am-bn. A-Xn- \p-ti-jw H-cp C-f-b k-tlm- Z-c-s\ t]m-se-bp-Å H-cp ]-cn- K-W-\ F-\n-¡ v X-cp-¶-Xm-bn A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sm-dp-v.

H-¶n-¨p

H-t«-sd bm-{X-IÄ \-S-¯n. B-bn-jm-¯ bp-sS kw-`-h-_-lp-e-am-b Po-hn-X I-Y-bn-se H-t«-sd Imcy-§ Ä t\-cn-«p X-s¶ tI-«p. "\n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j kv-t\-tlm-]-lm-cw k-an-Xn"bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\w e- £ y-¯n-se-¯n-¡ m³ I-gn-ª -Xv kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I kw-L-S-\m {]-hÀ-¯-\ Po-hn-X-¯n X-s¶ G-ähpw B-ß-kw-Xr-]v-Xn A-\p-`-hn-¡ m³ I-gn-ª

Hcp {]-hÀ-¯-\-am-Wv. 2007 sa-bv aq-¶n-\v A-¶- s¯ kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I a-{´n-bpw C-t¸m-g-s¯ kn- ]n-sF-Fw P-\-d sk-{I-«-dn-bp-am-b k-Jm-hv

Fw F t_-_n-bm-Wv `-h-\-¯n-sâ Xm-t¡ m ssI-am-dn-b-Xv. h-f-sc {]-Xm-]-t¯m-sS I-gn-ª n-cp-¶ H-cp Ip-«n-¡ m-ew, A-Im-e-¯n D-m-b

]n-Xm-hn-sâ a-c-Ww, A-tXm-sS Zm-cn-{Zy-¯n-te-¡ v ]-Xn-¨ Po-hn- Xw, _-Ôp-¡ -fp-sS Xm-ev-]-cy-{]-Im-cw ]-Xn-aq-¶mw h-b-Ên hn-t[-b-am-tI-n h-¶ H-cp _m-ey hnhm-lw, G-Xm-\pw Zn-h-k-§ Ä am-{Xw \o-p-¶

Hcp Zm-¼-Xyw, A-k-l-\o-b-am-bn tXm-¶n-b-t¸mÄ B-bn-j X-s¶ A-Xv D-t]-£ n-¨p, A-tXm-sS H-cp Ip-ª n-s\-bpw sIm-p-Å

_m-en-I-bm-b A-½- bp-sS Po-hn-Xw, B-lm-c-¯n-\v h-gn I-s-¯p-¶- Xn-\v th-n

]-e-X-cw tPm-en-IÄ sN-bv-Xp-sIm-v \-S-¯n-b A-Xn-Po-h-\w C-sX-Ãmw Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp- ¶p \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j-bp-sS _m-ey-Im-ew. Cu {]-bm-kw \n-d-ª

\m-fp-I-fn H-¶n-em- Wv I-em-kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ -fn XÂ- ]-c-cpw, bp-hm-¡ -fpw B-bn-cp-¶ C I A-b-ap-hpw am-\p ap-l-½-Zpw 16 Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶ \n-e-¼qÀ Bbn-j-bp-sS A-Sp-¯v F-¯p-¶-Xv. am-\p ap-l-½-Zv \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j-bp-sS aq-¯ k-tlm-Z-c-\m-Wv. Iq-«p-Im-c-s\-bpw Iq «n ho-«n-te-¡ v h-¶-Xm-bn-cp- ¶p am-\p ap-l-½-Zv. A-Xn-\-Iw Ip-sd-tb-sd th-Zn-I-fn A-c-t§ - dn I-gn-ª n-cp-¶ A-h-cp-sS \m-S-I-¯n-te-¡ v A-`n- \-bn-¡ m-\m-bn h-\n-X-I-sf tX-Sn-bp-Å A-t\z-j- W-¯n B-bn-cp-¶p A-hÀ C-cp-h-cpw. A-Xp-hsc \-S-¯n-b A-h-X-c-W-§ -fn-se-Ãmw A-h-cp-sS \m-S-I-¯n kv-{Xo-I-Ym-]m-{X-§ -sf ]p-cp-j-·mÀ X-s¶-bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-Xn-s\m-cp am-äw th-W-sa-¶v \nÀ-t±-iw ]-e `m-K-¯p-\n-¶pw D-bÀ-¶p h-¶-t¸m-gm-Wv A-hÀ A-t\z-j-Ww Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv.

A-hÀ c-p-t]-cpw ho-«n-te-¡ v I-S-¶p-h-cpt¼mÄ _m-en-I-bm-b B-bn-j H-cp ln-μn kn-\nam-Km-\w B-e-]n-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡ p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

B-bn-j-sb I-

C sI A-b-ap, am-\p ap-l-½-Zv t\m-Sv tNm-Zn-¨p, " C-h-sf \-ap-¡ v \m-S-I-¯n F-Sp-¯m-tem " A-hÄ-¡ v k-½-X-am-sW-¦n F-Sp-¡ mw " tPy-jvT-sâ a-dp-]-Sn tI-«-t¸mÄ B-bn-j ]-d-ª p. " F-\n-¡ v k-½-X-am-Wv" C-Xv tI-«p-sIm-p h-¶ D-½ ]-d-ª p.

" th-

A-Xv C-Ém-an-s\-Xn-cm-Wv. \-ap-¡ v B-cpan-Ãm-¯-Xm-Wv " \-à \n-e-bn I-gn-ª n-cp-¶ \m-fp-I-fn H-t« sd t]-sc k-lm-bn-¨n-cp-¶ ap-¯p-¸-«-cv F-¶v hn-fn- ¡ -s¸-«n-cp-¶ aq-t¯-S-¯v A-l-½-Zv Ip-«n-bp-sS Ip-Spw-_w Zm-cn-{Zy-¯n-te-¡ v ]-Xn-¨-t¸mÄ B-cn \n-¶pw H-cp k-lm-b-hpw e-`n-¡ m-¯-Xn-\p-Å A- \n-ãw D-Ån sIm-p

\-S-¶n-cp-¶ B-bn-j ]-d-

ª p. " c-£ n-¡ m³ I-gn-bm-¯ H-cp a-X-¡ m-cpw \-½- sf in-£ n-¡ p-I-bpw th- X-tâ-S-¡ m-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶ B 16Im-cn-bp-sS Zr- V-kz-c-¯n-ep-Å hm-¡ p-IÄ X-sâ Po-hn-Xm-\p-`- h-§ Ä X-¶ Xn-cn-¨-dn-hn \n-¶pw D-m-b-Xm-bncp-¶p. A-§ n-s\ B-bn-j \m-S-I I-em-Im-cn-bm-bn. tI-c-f-¯n-sâ N-cn-{X-¯n B-Zy-am-bn H-cp ap-Énw s]-®v \m-S-I-cw-K-¯v A-`n-t\-{Xn-bm-bn F-¯n. bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-I-fn A-Xv kr-ãn-¨ tcm-j-hpw ]-cn- {`-a-hpw sN-dp-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. tUm-ÎÀ Fw D-kv-am³, C-sI A-b-ap, sI Pn D-®o³, Ip-ª n-¡ p-«³ X-¼m³

Xp-S-§ n-b-hÀ t\-Xr-Xzw sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-¶ \n-e-¼qÀ bp-h-P-\ I-

C sI A-b-ap c-Nn-¨ " C-Öv \-sÃm-cp a-\p-k-\m-Im³ t\m-¡ v" F-¶ \m-S-I- ¯n-em-Wv B-bn-j B-Zyw A-`n-\-bn-¨-Xv. F-XnÀ- ¸p-IÄ H-gn-hm-¡ m³ th-n

B-bn-j-bp-sS cw-K- {]-th-iw \m-S-I-kw-Lw c-l-ky-am-¡ n sh-¨p. tlgv-k-ep-IÄ F-Ãmw B-cp-a-dn-bm-sX cm-{Xn-I-fn Hä-s¸-« X-e-§ -fn t]m-bn A-hÀ \-S-¯n. I-½yq- Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n-bp-sS B-`n-ap-Jy-¯n ^-dq-¡ n-se e-£ v-an F-¶ sIm-«-I-bn \m-S-Im-h-X-c-Ww \-S- ¯n-b-t¸m-gm-Wv B-bn-j B-Zy-am-bn A-c-§ n-se- ¯n-b-Xv. A-Xv H-cp hn-¹-hw X-s¶ kr-ãn-¨p.

b-Ym-Øn-Xn-I-cp-sS F-XnÀ-¸pw \n-e-¼qÀ Bbn-j A-`n-\-bn-¡ p-¶ \m-S-Iw Im-Wm-\p-Å ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS B-th-i-hpw H-cp-t]m-se iàn-s¸-«p sIm-n-cp-¶p.

Hm-tcm hÀ-j-hpw \q-dp- I-W-¡ n-\v th-Zn-I-fn-em-Wv B \m-S-Iw A-h-X-cn-¸n- ¡ -s¸-«-Xv. " C-Xm h-cp-¶p tI-c-f \qÀ-P-lm³" F- ¶v ssa-¡ n-eq-sS

A-\u¬-kv sN-bv-Xp-sIm-v \m-S-I kw-L-s¯ kzo-I-cn-¡ p-¶-Xn-sâ B-thiw A-\p-`-hn-¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶

\m-fp-I-fn X-s¶ I-Sp-¯ F-XnÀ-¸p-I-fpw B \m-S-I-kw-Lw t\-cnp.

" ap-Énw kv-{Xo \m-S-I-¯n-te-¡ v A-Ã \-c-I- ¯n-te-¡ m-Wv " C-¶v B-t{Im-in-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡ p- ¶ bm-Y-Øn-Xn-I Iq-«-§ Ä-¡ v \-Sp-hn-eq-sS I-½yq- Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n h-f-n-bÀ-amÀ ssI-tImÀ-¯v ]n-Sn-

¨p-sIm-v

H-cp-¡ p-¶ kp-c-£ m-h-e-b-¯n-\p-Åneq-sS am-{Xw \m-S-I A-h-X-c-W Ø-e-t¯-¡ v F- ¯n-t¨-tc-

A-h-Ø-bpw H-t«-sd Ø-e-§ -fnÂ

D-m-bn.

D-½ B-i-¦-s¸-«Im-cy-§ Ä A-hÀ {]-Xo- £ n-¨-Xn-\pw F-{X-tbm A-¸p-d-am-bn-cp-¶p. bm-Ym- Øn-Xn-I-cp-sS F-XnÀ-¸v ]-e-Ø-e-§ -fn-epw t\-cnp-Å Im-bn-I B-{I-a-W-§ -fm-bn I-em-in-¨p. ap-« ¯pw \m-Zm-]p-c-¯pw \m-S-Iw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p sImn-cn-¡ p-¶ th-f-bn G-ä I-tÃ-dv sIm-v

H-en-

¨n-d-§ p-¶ tNm-c-bp-am-bn A-`n-\-bw Xp-S-tc-n h- ¶p B-bn-j-¡ v. a-t© -cn-¡ -Sp-¯ ta-em-¡ -¯v sh-¨v th-Zn-bn-se B-bn-j-¡ v t\-sc B-{I-an Ab-¨ sh-Sn-bp-

D-¶w sX-än-b-Xn-\m IÀ-«³ Xpf-¨p I-S-¶p-t]m-bn. I-®qÀ Pn-Ã-bn-se ]-b-§ m-Snbn t_m-«n k-© -cn-¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶

\m-S-I kw-L-¯n-\v B-{I-an-I-fn \n-¶pw B-bn-j-sb c-£ n-¡ m³ A-h-sc \n-e-¯v In-S-¯n e-tK-Pp-IÄ sIm-v aq-tS-n-h-¶p. C-§ -s\ h-[-{i-aw h-sc \-S-¶n-«pw B-bn-j \m-S-I-s¯ D-t]-£ n-¨n-Ã. `-bw F-¶ hm-¡ v AhÀ Po-hn-X-¯n \n-¶pw am-än-sh-¨p. A-tXm-sSm- ¸w I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n F-¶ a-lm-{]-Øm-\w X- \n-s¡ m-¸w D-v

F-¶ _-ew A-h-sc ap-t¶m-«p

\-bn-¨p. bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-IÀ F-XnÀ-¸p-IÄ Xp-SÀ-s¶-¦nepw ]p-tcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fpw I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«nbpw B-bn-j-bv-¡ pw \m-S-I kw-L-¯n-\pw \n-c- ´-cw th-Zn-IÄ H-cp-¡ n-s¡ m-v

D-d-¨ ]n-´p-W \Â-In. tXm-¡ n-s\ t]m-epw `-b-an-Ãm-¯ B [o-cbm-b I-em-Im-cn-sb A-h-cp-sS ]m-«n-\v hn-Sp-I-bm- Wv \-Ã-Xv F-¶v H-cp tXm-¶Â D-m-b-t¸mÄ

F- XnÀ-¸p-IÄ {I-ta-W C-Ãm-Xm-bn. th-Zn-I-fn \n-¶v th-Zn-I-fn-te-¡ v Ip-Xn-¨p-sIm-v

\n-e-¼qÀ B-bnj I-em tI-c-f-¯n \n-d-ª m-Sn. C-t¸mÄ \-h-Xn ]n-¶n-« \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j-bp-sS HmÀ-½-bn " C-Öv \-sÃm-cp a-\p-k \m-Im³ t\m-¡ v "F-¶ \m-S-Iw C-Xn-\-Iw ]-e-Im-e-¯m-bn ]-e kw-L- § Ä ap-tJ-\ c-m-bn-c-¯nÂ

]-cw A-c-t§ -dn-bnp-m-Ipw.

C sI A-b-ap-hn-sâ Im-e-ti-jw

\n-e-¼qÀ _m-e-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-epw ]n-¶o-Sv hn-hnk-an-Xn-I-fp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-epw tI-c-f-am-sI B \m-S-Iw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡ -s¸-«p. tIm-gn-t¡ m-Sv {]- hÀ-¯n-¡ p-¶ Sn kp-tc-jv _m-_p t\-Xr-Xzw sIm- Sp-¡ p-¶ "\m-S-I {Km-aw" F-¶ k-an-Xn 20 21 h-sc Cu \m-S-Iw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. tI-c-f-¯n-\v H-cp C-S-Xp-]-£ a-\-Êv cq-]-s¸- Sp-¯n sIm-Sp-¡ p-¶-Xn-epw, tI-c-fw cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b ti-jw \-S-¶ H-¶m-a-s¯ sX-c-sª -Sp-¸n Xs¶ I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å H-cp kÀ-¡ mÀ \n-e-hn h-cp-¶ km-l-N-cyw H-cp- ¡ n-b-Xn-epw, A-Xp-h-gn tI-c-fo-bÀ-¡ v sa-¨-s¸-«Hcp Po-hn-Xw ]-Sp-¯p-bÀ-¯p-¶-Xn-epw tI-c-f-¯nsâ \m-S-I-{]-Øm-\w h-ln-¨ ]-¦v N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-Wv. 1950I-fn Im-bw-Ip-f-¯v sI-]n-F-kn, F-d-Wm-Ip-f-¯v ]n sP Bâ-Wn-bp-sS kw-Lw, tIm-gn-t¡ m-Sv sI Sn-bp-sS kw-Lw, h-Åp-h-\m-«n sN-dp-Im-Sn-sâ kw-Lw, In-g-¡ ³ G-d-\m-«n C sI A-b-ap-hn-sâ kw-Lw Xp-S-§ n-b \m-S-I Iq-«mbv-a-IÄ Cu \m-S-I ap-t¶-ä-¯n t\-Xr-Xz-]-c-amb ]-¦p-h-ln-¨p. C sI A-bv-ap-hn³-sd kw-L-¯nsâ B-th-i-hpw A-`n-am-\-hpw B-bn-cp-¶p \n-e- ¼qÀ B-bn-j. \n-e-¼qÀ bp-h-P-\ I-em-k-an-Xn-¡ v \m-S-Im-h- X-c-Ww F-¶-Xv I-ayq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n-bp-sS B-i-b {]-N-c-W-¯n-\p-Å H-cp D-]m-[n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \m-S- I-¯n-eq-sS P-\-§ -fn-te-¡ v ]-I-cp-¶ ]p-tcm-K-a-\ B-i-b-§ Ä-¡ v ]p-d-ta \m-S-I A-h-X-c-W-¯n-\p ap-¼v ]-cn-k-c-hm-kn-I-sf-bpw \m-S-I kw-L-s¯- bpw H-¶n-¨n-cp-¯n \n-e-¼qÀ _m-e³ sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-¶ ]mÀ-«n ¢m-kp-IÄ \m-S-I kw-L-¯n-sâ {]-hÀ-¯- \-¯n-sâ H-cp `m-K-am-bn-cp- ¶p. Cu ¢m-kp-IÄ h-gn-bm- Wv Xm³ I-½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-cn B-b-sX-¶v \n-e-¼qÀ B-bnj A-`n-am-\-t¯m-sS ]-dbm-dp-v.

\n-e-¼qÀ bp-h-P-\ I-em-k-an-Xn-¡ v ti-jw \n-e-¼qÀ

_m-e-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å \m-S-I k-an-Xn-bnepw, ]n-¶o-Sv h-fsc Im-ew sI Sn bp-sS t\- Xr-Xz-¯n-ep- Å \m-S-I kw-L-§ -fn-epw, ]nÂ-¡ m-e-¯v C-{_m-lnw sh § - c-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å kw-L-¯n-epw A-S-¡ w H-t«-sd \m-S-I-k-an-Xn-I-fn {]-[m-\ \-Sn-bm-bn \ne-¼qÀ B-bn-j A-`n-\-bn-¨p. \q-dn-te-sd kn-\n-a-Ifn-epw th-j-an-«p. A-`n-\-bn-¡ m³ [m-cm-fw A-h-kc-§ Ä In-«n-sb-¦n-epw B-bn-j-bp-sS km-¼-¯n-I Øn-Xn sa-¨-s¸-«n-Ã. I-em Po-hn-X-¯n-\v H-cp XmÂ- ¡ m-en-I C-S-th-f sIm-Sp-¯v ku-Zn A-td-_y-bn K-±m-a-bm-bn 19 sIm-Ãw sN-e-h-gn-¨p. Xn-cn-s¨-¯n hopw

I-em-kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I cw-K-¯v k-Po-h-am-bn. 2024 "tNm-¸v "F-¶ kn-\n-a-bn A-`n-\-bn-¡ pt¼mÄ A-hÀ-¡ v 89 h-b-Êm-Wv {]m-bw. Cu kn-\na-bn D-Å H-cp {]-tXy-I-X C-Xn \n-e-¼qÀ B-bnj F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ X-s¶-bm-Wv B-bn-j A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡ p-¶-Xv. tem-I kn-\n-a-bn X-s¶ GsX-¦n-epw I-em-Im-c-t\m I-em-Im-cn-t¡ m C-§ -s\ H-cp A-h-k-cw e-`n-¨n-«p-m-bn-cn-¡ p-I A-]qÀ-Æam-bn-cn-¡ pw. Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡ p-t¼mÄ kz-´w Po-hn-X-s¯-¡ pdn-¨v H-cp ^o-¨À kn-\n-a \v-C-d-§ n-b-Xv Im-Wm³ Ign-bp-I F-¶-Xpw A-]qÀ-h-am-b H-cp A-\p-`-h-ambn-cn-¡ pw. C-´y-bn ^q-e³ tZ-hn-¡ v A-¯-cw Hcp A-\p-`-hw D-m-bn-« p-Å-Xm-bn A-dn-bmw. 1994 A-hÀ Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡ p-t¼m-gm-Wv"_-Ôn-äv Izo³" dn-eokv sN-¿-s¸-«-Xv." "B-bn-j "F-¶ a-e-bm-f kn-\n-a \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j-bp-sS {]-hm-k Po-hn-X-s¯ Ip-dn- ¨p-Å-Xm-Wv. a-Rv-Pp hm-cy-cm-Wv A-Xn \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j-bm-bn th-j-an-«-Xv. Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡ p-t¼mÄ kz-´w Po-hn-Xw ]mT-]pkv-X-I-¯n DÄ-s¸-Sp-I F-¶-Xv Im-Wm-\p-Å A-h-k-c-hpw B-bn-j-¡ p-m-bn.

tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡ m-Z-an-bp-sS ap-J-am-kn-I-bm-b " km-ln-Xy N- {I-hm-fw" am-kn-I-bn Cu te-J-I³ F-gp-Xn-b" tXm-¡ n-s\ `-b-¡ m-¯ I-em-Im-cn " F-¶ te-J-\w a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-bn-se a-¼m-Sv Fw-C-F-kv Hm-t«m-W akv tIm-tf-Pn _n-cp-Z hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ-¡ p-Å kne-_-kn DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v.

C-§ -s\ h-f-sctb-sd A-]qÀ-h-X-IÄ \n-d-ª

B [-\y-Po-hn-Xw

\-h-Xn ]n-¶n-«n-cn-¡ p-¶p. a-e-¸p-dw Pn-Ã-bn-se ap-Énw s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ C- ¶v ss]-e-äv-am-cpw ]À-h-Xm-tcm-l-I-cpw F-Ãm-am-bn D-bÀ-¶n-cn-¡ p-¶p. C-¯-cw Po-hn-X km-l-N-cy- § Ä D-m-¡ n-sb-Sp-¡ p-¶-Xn \n-e-¼qÀ B-bnj-sb t]m-se-bp-Å-hÀ X-§ -fp-sS kz-´w Po-hn- Xw sIm-v

\-S-¯n-b t]m-cm-«-§ Ä-¡ v h-en-b ]-

C-§ -s\ \-½p-sS s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ D-b-c- § Ä Io-g-S-¡ m³ Xp-S-§ n-bn-«p-s-¦ n-epw s]-®ns\ A-I-¯n-cp-¯m-\pw ]n-´n-cn-¸n-¡ m³ D-Å {i-a- § Ä C-t¸m-gpw \n-e-¨n-«n-Ã. k-½m-\w hm-§ m³ h- ¶ s]¬-Ip-«n-sb tÌ-Pn \n-¶v Xn-cn-¨-b-¨-h-cpw kv-{Xo-IÄ s]m-Xp-th-Zn-I-fn \r-¯w sN-¿p-¶-Xv hn-e-¡ p-¶ h-cpw F-Ãmw \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j-sb \m- S-I-¯n \n-¶pw Hm-Sn-¡ m³ {i-an-¨-h-cp-sS ]n-·p-d- ¡ m-cm-Wv. 1950I-fn \n-e-¼qÀ B-bn-j-sb t]mep-Å-hÀ \-S-¯n-b k-a-c-§ Ä-¡ v Xp-SÀ-¨-IÄ th- -Xp-v

F-¶m-Wv C-Xv kq-Nn-¸n-¡ p-¶-Xv

Nn-{X-I-e-bn-se s]m-¶m-\n

]-Wn-¡ À Xp-S-¡ -an-«ap-t¶-äw

I-S-epw ]p-g-bpw Im-b-epw Iq-Sn-¡ -e-cp-¶ aa-l-¯m-b Cu I-em-ap-t¶-ä-¯n-\p A-Sn- ®m-Wv s]m-¶m-\n-bn-te-Xv. I-S-en-¶-¡ -sc-bp-Å ¯-d ]m-Ip-¶-Xv 1911 sa-bv 31þ-\v tIm-b-¼-¯q-cn tZ-i-§ -fn \n-¶p-t]m-ep-ap-Å, ]u-cm-Wn-I-am-b P-\n-¨ sI.kn.F-kv. ]-Wn-¡ -cm-Wv. s]m-¶m-\n-bn- Ip-Sn-tb-dn-¸mÀ-¸p-I-fp-tS-bpw kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I-am-b em-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ X-d-hm-Sv. tI-c-f-¯n-epw XpsIm-Sp-¡  hm-§ -ep-I-fp-tS-bpw tZ-iw. a-e-bm-fn- SÀ-¶v a-{Zm-kv {In-kv-Xy³ tIm-tf-Pn-ep-am-bn hn-Zymbp-sS kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I `q-]-S-¯n-epw k-am-\-X-I-fn- `ym-kw \-S-¯n-b A-t±-lw, ]T-\w D-t]-£ n-¨v Ãm-¯ Øm-\-ap-v s]m-¶m-\n-¡ v. I-S-epw ]p-g- t]m-Ìv Bâv sS-e-{Km-^v h-Ip-¸n A-© p hÀ-jbpw Im-b-epw F-¶ t]m-se, cm-{ão-b-hpw km-ln- t¯m-fw tPm-en sN-¿p-I-bpw ]n-¶o-Sv C³-jp-d³- Xy-hpw B-ßo-b-X-bpw Iq-Sn-¡ -e-cp-¶, Cu ta-J-e- kv G-Pâm-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¡ p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. F- I-fn-se-Ãmw X-\-Xm-b hy-àn-ap-{Z ]-Xn-¸n-¨ s]m- ¶mÂ, 1922 ap-X X-s¶ hm-«À I-fÀ Nn-{X-§ Ä ¶m-\n-bp-sS a-®n-\v C-´y³ Nn-{X-I-em-þ-in-ev-]-I- h-c-¨p-Xp-S-§ n-bn-cp-¶ ]-Wn-¡ À, 1928 ap-X a-{Zmem N-cn-{X-¯n {i-t²-b-am-b H-cn-S-ap-s-¶-Xv kv ss^³ BÀ-Sv-kv skm-ssk-än-bp-sS A-Jn-te- A-[n-Iw ]-d-ª p-tIÄ-¡ m-¯ H-cp Im-cy-am-Wv. ´ym F-I-v-kn-_n-j-\p-I-fn ]-Xn-hm-bn Nn-{X-§ Ä G-dn-bm Ip-td-tb-sd Nn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ-¡ v P-·w {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¨p-t]m-¶p. Iu-am-c-Im-e-¯v a-{Zm-kn-se \Â-In-b \m-Sv F-¶-Xn-e-¸p-dw a-säm-¶pw ]-d-ª p- ]q-\-a-Ãn ssl-tdm-Un-ep-Å K-h¬-saâv tIm-tf-Pv tIÄ-¡ m-dn-Ã.

Hm-^v BÀ-«v Bâv {Im-^v-äv-kn-sâ ap³-]n-se \-S-

Nn-{X-I-e-bn-se a-{Zm-kv k-v-IqÄ h-gn D-bÀ- ¶p-h-¶ hn-¹-h-I-c-am-b am-ä-§ -fpw X-t±-io-b ]m-c- ¼-cy-§ -fn-te-¡ p-Å

Xn-cn-¨p-t]m-¡ pw, tNm-f-a- Þ BÀ-«n-Ìv-kv hn-tÃ-Pn-sâ cq-]o-I-c-W-hp-sa- Ãmw s]m-¶m-\n F-¶ tZ-i-hp-am-bn A-t`-Zy-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«p In-S-¡ p-¶p-sh-¶-Xv Nn-{X-I-em-N-cn-{X-adn-bp-¶-hÀ-¡ v ]p-d-¯v A-[n-Iw BÀ-¡ pw A-dnbm-\n-S-bn-Ã. hn-ti-jn-¨pw Nn-{X-I-em-kzm-Z-\w kmln-Xym-kzm-Z-\w-t]m-se kmÀ-h-{Xn-I-a-Ãm-¯ kml-N-cy-¯n . ^yq-U A-XnÀ-h-c-¼p-I-tf-bpw k-Zm-Nm-ct_m-[-§ -tf-bpw sh-Ãp-hn-fn-¡ p-I-bpw a-dn-I-S- ¡ m³ {i-an-¡ p-I-bpw sN-bv-X s]¬-h-c-I-fpw km-aq-ln-I-þ-cm-{ão-b hy-h-Øn-Xn-s¡ -Xn-sc ]-Ss]m-cp-Xn-b dm-Un-¡  ap-t¶-ä-§ -fpw k-a-Im-en- I Un-Pn-äÂ-þ-hn-jz am-²y-a ]-co-£ -W-§ -fpw kw-K-an-¡ p-t¼mÄ s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS Zr-iy-I-em ]mc-¼-cyw `m-c-X-¸p-g I-W-¡ v H-cp a-lm-{]-hm-l-am-bn am-dp-¶p.

¸m-X-bn-en-cp-¶v tdm-bv Nu-[-cn Nn-{Xw h-c- ¨-Xpw. tdm-bv Nu-[-cn-¡ pw bv-¡ p-¶-Xv A-t±-lw Iu- sI.kn.F-kv.

]-Wn-¡ Àt\m-¡ n- ¡ pw Io-gn ]Tn-¨ ti-jw

Xp-I-t¯m-sS \nÂ-¡ p-am-bn-cp-¶p. H-Sp- 1960þ am-Xr-`q-an B-gv-N-¸- hnÂ, 1936þ 25þmw h-b- Xn-¸n Nn-{X-Im-c-\m-bn Np- Ên tPm-en D-t]-£ n-¨v a-X-e-tb-äp.

A-t±-l-¯n-

B tIm-tf-Pn tNÀ-¶ sâ ap³-Km-an-I-fm-b ]-Wn-¡ À, 1940þ Un- Fw.hn. tZ-h-\pw F.F-Êpt¹m-a t\-Sn. Xp-SÀ-¶v A- sa-Ãmw ]-c-¼-cm-K-X ssihn-sS s]-bnânw-Kv C³-kv- en-I-sf

\n-cm-I-cn-¨p-sIm-

{S-Î-dm-bn tPm-en-bn {]- v

Xp-S-§ n-b am-ä-§ -sf \- th-in-¨ A-t±-lw 1957þ B Øm-]-\-¯n-sâ ¼q-Xn-cn a-säm-cp X-e-¯n- {]n³-kn-¸-em-bn. hn-c-an-¡ p-¶-Xp-h-sc A-Sp-¯ H- te-¡ v D-bÀ-¯n. F.F-kv. {]-Ir-Xn-tbm-sSm-¸w acp Z-im-Ðw B ]-Z-hn-bn A-t±-lw Xp-S-cp-I-bpw \p-jy-sc h-c-¨-t¸mÄ, tZ-h³ _-joÀ I-Ym-]m-{XsN-bv-Xp. I-cn-b-dn-sâ B-Zy-L-«-§ -fn ]m-Ým-Xy § -fn-eq-sS Ip-dn-b a-\p-jy-sc Im-«n-¯-¶p. F- A-¡ m-Z-an-Iv ssi-en-tbm-Sv XmÂ-¸-cyw Im-«n-sb-¦n- ¶mÂ, \-¼q-Xn-cn Xn-c-sª -Sp-¯-Xv ZoÀ-L-Im-bepw, ]n-¶o-Sv X-t±-io-b ssi-en-I-fn-te-¡ pw k-μÀ- cm-b a-\p-jy-cq-]-§ -sf-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ip-«n-¡ m-ew `-§ -fn-te-¡ pw a-S-§ n-h-¶v BÀ-«v tIm-tf-Pn-se Nn- sXm-t«k-μÀ-in-¨n-cp-¶ ip-I-]p-cw Z-£ n-Wm-aqÀ- {X-c-N-\m-co-Xn-I-fn A-t±-lw hn-¹-h-I-c-am-b am-ä- ¯n t£ -{X-¯n-se Zm-cp-in-ev-]-§ -fp-sS L-S-\- § Ä h-cp-¯n. sN-ss¶-bn C-¶p-sam-cp k-Poh tI-{μ-am-bn \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶ "tNm-f-a-Þ-ew' F- ¶ I-em-Im-c-·m-cp-sS Iq-«m-bv-a-bv-¡ v Xp-S-¡ -an-Sp- ¶-Xv sI.kn.F-kv. ]-Wn-¡ -cm-Wv. {]m-tZ-in-I Ien-{Km-^n-bpw sa-äm-^n-kn-¡  A-_v-kv-{Sm-£ - \pw k-a-\z-bn-¸n-¨ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-t\z-j-W- § -fm-Wv {]-i-kv-X-am-b "thÀ-Uv-kv Bâv knw- _Â-kv' (Words and Symbols) ]-c-¼-c-bv-¡ v h-gn- Xp-d-¶-Xv. ""\n-e-hn-se km-l-N-cy-§ -fn C-´y³ I-em-Im-c-·mÀ-¡ v XoÀ-¯pw a-Sp-¸v tXm-¶p-t¼mÄ am-{X-ta ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fnÂ-\n-¶p-Å tam-N-\w km-[yam-Iq'' F-¶ ]-Wn-¡ -cp-sS Im-gv-N-¸m-Sv Cu am-ä- ¯n-sâ Nm-e-I-i-àn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. s]m-¶m-\n-bpsS em³-Uv--kv--tI-¸v, I-t\m-en I-\m H-s¡ H-cp L-«-¯n A-t±-l-¯n-\v hn-j-b-am-bn.

P-·wsIm-tm

IÀ-½w sIm-tm s]m-¶m-\n-¡ m-c-\- sÃ-¦n-epw ]-Wn-¡ -cp-sS a-I-\pw tNm-f-a-Þ-e- ¯n-sâ A-a-c-¡ m-cn-sem-cm-fp-am-bn-cp-¶ \-μ-tKm- ]m-en-sâ t]-cp-Iq-Sn C-hn-sS tNÀ-¯p-sh-s¡ -- Xp-v.

i-co-c-¯n-sâ cm-{ão-bw a-d-¡ m-¯ \-¼q-Xn-cn s]m-¶m-\n-bn \n-¶pw ]-Wn-¡ À-¡ v e-`n-¨ B-Zy in-jy³, 1925 sk-]v-äw-_À 13þ-\v s]m-¶m-\nbn-se I-cp-hm-«v a-\-bv-¡  ]-c-ta-iz-c³ \-¼q-Xncn-bp-tS-bpw {io-tZ-hn A-´À-P-\-¯n-tâ-bpw a-I- \m-bn P-\n-¨ sI.Fw. hm-kp-tZ-h³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bm- Wv a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS hm-b-\m-\p-`-h-s¯ h-c-bn-eqsS ]p-\À-\nÀ-h-Nn-¨-Xv. k-v-IqÄ hn-Zym-`ym-k-t¯- ¡ mÄ ho-«nÂ-\n-¶p e-`n-¨ t{]m-Õm-l-\-hpw tem- I-I-e-sb sN-dp-¸-¯n-te A-dn-bm³ I-gn-ª -Xpam-Wv \-¼q-Xn-cn-sb a-Zn-cm-in-bn-se-¯n-¨-Xpw a-{Zmkv I-em {]-Øm-\-¯n-eq-sS kz-´w hy-àn-Xzw

kw-k-v-Im-c-¯n-epw h-¶ am-ä-§ Ä (ap-p-Sp-¸nÂ- \n-¶v km-cn-bn-te-¡ pw Np-cn-Zm-dn-te-¡ pw h-Ån-{Suk-dnÂ-\n-¶p-Å am-ä-§ -fp-sa-Ãmw) Ir-Xy-am-bn {]- Xn-^-en-¸n-¡ p-¶-Xm-bn \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS h-c. Fw.Sn-bp-sS "c-m-aq-g'¯n-\p h-c-¨-t¸mÄ

I-e-À ssZ-h-§ -fnÂ-\n-¶p am-dn ]-¨-bm-b a-\pjy-sâ cq-]w `o-a-\pw {Zu-]-Zn-¡ pw \Â-Im³ \-¼q- Xn-cn-¡ v km-²y-am-Ip-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. "h-c-bp-sS ]-c-a-in-h³' F-¶m-Wv hn.sI.F³. H-cn-¡  At±-l-s¯ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv. {]-i-kv-X I-em-Im-c³ bq-k-^v A-d-bv-¡ -em-I-s«, \-¼q-Xn-cn-sb D-]-an-¨- Xv hn-Jym-X Nn-{X-Im-c³ t\mÀ-a³ tdm-¡ v--sh-Ãnt\m-Spw. D-dq-_v, C-S-tÈ-cn, A-¡ n-¯w Xp-S-§ n-b-hcp-am-bp-Å A-Sp-¯ k-¼À-¡ -hpw \-¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS I-em-Po-hn-X-¯n-\p I-cp-¯m-bn. a-e-bm-f kmbnÂ-\n-¶m-Wv X-an-gv--\m-«n-se I-cn-¦Â in-ev-]-§ - ln-Xy-cw-K-¯v s]m-¶m-\n

\n-d-ª p-\n-¶-Im-efnÂ-\n-¶p hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b Cu ZoÀ-L-Im-b cq-]- ¯m-Wv \-¼q-Xn-cn h-fÀ-¶p-h-¶-Xv F-¶pw HmÀ- § -fp-sS t_m-[w A-t±-l-¯n-sâ D-Ån-ep-d-¨-Xv. ¡ -Ww. D-dq-_v, C-S-tÈ-cn, A-¡ n-¯w Xp-S-§ n-b-hin-ev-]-§ -fp-sS {Xn-am-\-X h-c-I-fp-sS Zzn-am-\ {]-X- cp-am-bp-Å A-Sp-¯ _-Ô-hpw hm-b-\-bp-sa-Ãmw e-¯n-te-¡ v tj-Up-I-fn-Ãm-sX B-hm-ln-¡ m³ I- ]n-¶o-Sv km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡ m-bp-Å Nn-{Xo-I-cgn-ª -Xm-bn-cp-¶p \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X. Ww X-sâ kÀ-K-{]-hr-¯n-bp-sS a-Þ-e-am-bn Xn- A-¨-Sn km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS ]-cn-an-Xn-I-sf an-\n-a- c-sª -Sp-¡ m³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-sb t{]-cn-¸n-¨ L-S-Ien-Ìn-Iv B-b t\-cn-b h-c-I-fp-sS I-cp-¯p-sIm- § -fm-Wv. km-ln-Xy Nn-{Xo-I-c-W tem-I-¯n-\v \- A-t±-lw A-Xn-Po-hn-¨p. {]-Xy-£ -¯n A-\p- ¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS kw-`m-h-\-IÄ B-tKm-f-X-e-¯n v ]m-Xw sX-än-¡ p-t¼m-gpw "A-\m-«-an' Ir-Xy-am-bn X-s¶ hn-e-bn-cp-¯-s¸-tS--Xm-Wv

F-¶pw bq-k- ]m-en-¡ m³ A-t±-l-¯n-\p I-gn-ª n-cp-¶p F-¶- ^v A-d-bv-¡  A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. H-cp-]-t£ , tI-c-f-¯n B-Zy-am-bn H-cp Nn-

Xm-Wv \-¼q-Xn-cn h-c-IÄ-¡ v hy-Xn-cn-à-X \Â-Ip-

{X-I-em Iymw-]v kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡ -s¸-Sp-¶-Xv s]m-¶m-

¶ ap-Jy-L-S-Iw. I-tk-c-bn C-cn-¡ p-¶ a-\p-jy-s\ h-c-bv- \n-bn-em-bn-cn-¡ pw. A-Xn-\v ap³-ssI-sb-Sp-¯-Xm- ¡ p-t¼mÄ I-tk-c-bn-Ãm-sX X-s¶ C-cn-¸n-sâ co- I-s« BÀ-«n-Ìv \-¼q-Xn-cn-bpw. tI-c-f kw-Øm-\ B C-cn-¸n- cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-\pw ap³-]v. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-

Xn-sIm-pw

Aw-K-hn-\ym-kw-sIm-pw sâ km-¶n-[yw A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¯m³ A-t±-l- ¡ m-Z-an-bp-sS {]-Y-a A-²y-£ -\m-bn-cp-¶ kÀ- ¯n-\m-bn. kv-{Xo-cq-]-§ -fn-se I-®p-IÄ, Nn-cn, Np- ZmÀ sI.Fw. ]-Wn-¡ À G-Xm-\pw _m-e-km-ln-Xy L-S-\ F-¶n-h-sbm-s¡ A-Xn-kq-£ v- Ir-Xn-IÄ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡ m³ Xo-cp-am-\n-¡ p-I-bpw p-I-fp-sS a-am-bn \n-co-£ n-¨p. tI-h-e-am-b Im-gv-N-h-kv-Xp-¡ - A-Xn-sâ C-Ã-kv-t{S-j³ tPm-en-IÄ Fw.hn. tZ-hfm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS kv-{Xo-cq-]-§ Ä F- s\ GÂ-]n-¡ p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. C-¯-cw ]-²-Xnkv-{Xo-I-Ym-]m- IÄ Nn-{X-Im-c³-am-cp-sS Iq-«m-bv-a-bn-eq-sS ]qÀ-

¶pw A-Sn-h-c-bn-«v ]-d-tb--Xp-v. {X-§ -fp-sS hy-àn-Xz-s¯ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡ p-¶-h- ¯o-I-cn-¡ p-I F-¶ Kp-cp-hm-b sI.kn.F-kv ]- bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kv-{Xo-Nn-{X-W-§ Ä. Wn-¡ -cp-sS am-Xr-I ]n-´p-S-cm-\m-Wv tZ-h³ Xo-cp- XoÀ-¯pw X-tâ-Xm-b ssi-en-bn-em-sW-¦n-epw I- am-\n-¨-Xv. tZ-h³ C-¡ m-cyw \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp am-bn NÀ- Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ hy-àn-Xz-s¯-Iq-Sn B-hn-jv-I-cn- ¨ sN-¿p-I-bpw s]m-¶m-\n-bn-se \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS ¡ p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-h. Po³-kn-« s]¬-Ip-«n- ho-«n sh-¨v C-Xn-\m-bn Nn-{X-Im-c³-am-cp-sS Iymwkv-{Xo- ]v \-S-¯m-sa-¶v Xo-cp-am-\n-¡ p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. Xr-

I-fpw Np-cn-Zm-dpw km-cn-bpw ap-p-ap-Sp-¯ I-fpw H-tc BÀ-P-h-t¯m-sS hy-àn-Xzw \-ã-s¸- ¡ -So-cn hm-kp-tZ-h³ \-¼q-Xn-cn, Pm-X-th-Z³, A- Sp-¯m-¯ kv-{Xo-I-fm-bn Nn-{X-§ -fn \n-d-ª p-\n- ¡ n-¯w \m-cm-b-W³, F.F-kv, Zm-tam-Z-c³, B- ¶p. irw-Km-c-`m-h-hpw \-Kv-\-X-bp-sa-Ãmw A-Ço-e- Xn-tY-b³ Iq-Sn-bm-b hm-kp-tZ-h³ Xp-S-§ n-b Nnam-hm-sX h-c-bv-¡ m-\p-Å I-gn-hpw A-t±-l-¯n-\p- {X-Im-c³-amÀ Iymw-]n ]-s¦-Sp-¯p. \m-S-I-hpw tI-h-ew D-S-em-bn-cp-¶n-à kv-]-ã-am- km-ln-Xy-hpw cm-jv-{So-b-hp-sa-Ãmw NÀ-¨ sN-bv-X, m-bn-cp-¶p. b H-cp ssP-h-km-¶n-[y-am-bn-cp-¶p \-¼q-Xn-cn-sb DuÀ-Ö-Zm-b-I-am-b

]-Xn-\-© p-\m-fp-I-tfm-fw kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw kv-{Xo. F-gp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ-\n- B Iymw-]v \o-s-¶v

"\-¼q-Xn-cn tc-Jm-Po-hn-Xw' ¶pw 50 hÀ-j-§ Ä-¡ n-¸p-d-t¯-¡ p Im-ew N-en- F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-¯n {]-ap-J am-²y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I- ¡ p-t¼mÄ a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS th-j-hn-Xm-\-¯n-epw \m-b k-Pn sP-bnw-kv F-gp-Xp-¶p.

\n-d-§ -fp-sS A-cm-P-I-Xz-s¯ a-dn-I-S-¶ ]n. tKm-]n-\m-Yv sS Io-gn sIm-¯p-]-Wn-bpw A-t±-lw ]Tn-¨p. 2006þ BÀ-«n-Ìv-kv lm³-Un-{Im-^v-äv-kv A-tkmtNm-f-a-Þ BÀ-«nkn-tb-j-tâ-bpw tNm-f-a-Þ-en-tâ-bpw Øm-]-I

• Ìv-kv hn-tÃ-Pn-sâ Øm-]-
• Aw-K-am-bn am-dn-b \m-cm-b-W³, X-an-gv-\m-Sv e-fn-X-
• Imw-K-§ -fn H-cm-fm-b ]n.

I-em A-¡ m-Z-an A-hmÀ-Uv aq-¶v X-h-W t\-Sn.

tKm-]n-\m-Ypw s]m-¶m-\n-¡ m-

1972þÂ UÂ-ln-bn-se HmÄ C-´y {]nâv F-I-v-knc-\m-Wv. ]-Wn-¡ -cp-sS a-cp-a-

_n-j³ A-hmÀ-Upw, A-tX-hÀ-jw {^m³-kn-se

I³. 1970þÂ sN-ss¶ tIm-

Im-Kv-\-kv-þ-kÀ-þ-sa-dn \-S-¶ \m-em-a-Xv A-´mtf-Pv Hm-^v BÀ-Sv-kv Bâv cm-{ã Nn-{X-c-N-\m D-Õ-h-¯n ]p-c-k-v-Im-c-hpw

{Im-^v-äv-knÂ-\n-¶pw s]- bnânw-Kn H-¶mw ¢m-tkm-sS Un-t¹m-a t\-Sn-b I-c-Ø-am-¡ n. 2009þ tI-c-f e-fn-X-I-em A-¡ m-Z- A-t±-lw, \n-d-§ -fp-sS A-cm-P-I-Xz-¯nÂ-\n-¶p an-bp-sS sI.kn.F-kv. ]-Wn-¡ À ]p-c-k-v-Im-cw t\- ssi-en cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b Nn-{X- Sn-b-Xv A-¡ n-¯w \m-cm-b-W-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 2017Â

{I-aw I-s-¯p-¶ Im-c-\m-Wv. \n-b-{´n-X-am-b kv-t]-kn Cu co-Xn cm-P c-hn-hÀ-½ ]p-c-k-v-Im-c-hpw A-t±-l-s¯ tXh-en-sbm-cp sh-Ãp-hn-fn-bm-sW-¶v hn-iz-kn-¨ tKm- Sn-sb-¯n. {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se aq-e-I-§ -fm-b Xo, P-ew, ]n-\m-Yv, {]-[m-\-am-bpw F-®-¨m-b-¯n-epw an-{i-am- `q-an, B-Im-iw F-¶n-h-sb {Xn-tIm-W-§ Ä, N-Xp- [y-a-§ -fn-epw (oil and mixed media) cq-]-]-c-am-b c-§ Ä, ZoÀ-L-N-Xp-c-§ Ä, hr-¯-§ Ä Xp-S-§ n-b L-S-I-§ -sf kq-£ v-a-am-b A-aqÀ-¯-X-bp-am-bn Pym-an-Xo-b \nÀ-an-Xn-I-fm-¡ n th-Z-þ-Xm-{´n-I B-Nmsubtle abstraction) k-a-\z-bn-¸n-¨v A-S-cp-I-fp-Å c- c-§ -fp-sS Xm-f-t¯m-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡ p-¶ \m-cm- N-\-IÄ kr-ãn-¡ p-¶-Xn I-¿-S-¡ -ap-Å-bm-fm- b-W³, ""I-hn-X t]m-se I-e-bpw B-Jym-\-am-Wv, Wv. H-¸w D-]-cn-X-e L-S-\ (texture), Bw-Ky-§ Ä A-Xv a-\-Ên-em-¡ m³ A-Xn-t\m-Sv _-Ô-ap-m-Igesture), {i-²m-]qÀ-hw {I-ao-I-cn-¨ \n-d-§ Ä F- Ww'' F-¶v Xm-\n-S-s]-Sp-¶ I-e-bn-eq-sS {]-Jym-]n- ¶n-h D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v a-\----x-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b B-gw Nn- ¡ p-¶-bm-fm-Wv. {X-§ Ä-¡ v \Â-Ip-I-bpw sN-¿p-¶p. A-t±-l-¯nsâ A-aqÀ-¯, _-tbm-tamÀ-^n-Iv Nn-{X-§ Ä X- *k-^v-ZÀ lm-jv-an-bp-sS s]m-¶m-\n _-Ôw* sX-cp-hp-\m-S-I {]-hÀ-¯-I-\pw c-à-kmsâ X-e-ap-d-bn-se I-em-Im-c-cn \n-¶pw A-t±-l-

£ n-bp-am-b k-^v-ZÀ lm-jv-an-bp-sS Ip-«n-IÄ-¡ ms¯ hy-Xy-kv-X-\m-¡ p-¶p.

bp-Å ]p-kv-X-I-§ Ä-¡ v Nn-{Xw h-c-¨ s]m-¶m-\n- ¡ m-c-\m-Wv {]-i-kv-X Nn-{X-Im-c³ A-¡ n-¯w hm-

Im-hym-Jym-\-hpw Nn-{X-I-e-bpw kp-tZ-h³. k-^v-ZÀ lm-jv-an-bp-sS a-c-W-ti-jw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kv-a-c-WmÀ-°w cq-]o-I-cn-¨ k-lva-Xv (SAHMAT) F-¶ kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I Iq-«m-bv-a-bpam-bn tNÀ-¶p {]-hÀ-¯n-¡ p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶p. 1958þ Ip-a-c-\-Ãq-cn P-\n-¨ A-¡ n-¯w hm-kp-tZ-h³ _-tdm-U Fw.F-kv. kÀ-h-I-em-ime-bnÂ-\n-¶v Un-t¹m-a-bpw t]m-Ìv Un-t¹m-a-bpw Ign-ª v 1988þ e--\n-se tdm-b tIm-tf-Pv Hm- ^v BÀ-«nÂ-\n-¶v Fw.F. ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡ n. Km-e-dn s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I ]-Ým- 7, km-Jn Km-e-dn, Km-e-dn sN-aqÄ-Uv Xp-S-§ n-b {]- Nn-{X- ap-J th-Zn-I-fn {]-ZÀ-i-\-§ Ä \-S-¯n. A-t±-l-

¯-e-ap-Å A-¡ n-¯w Ip-Spw-_-¯n-se c-v I-em {]-Xn-`-IÄ B-tKm-f-X-e-¯n {i-t²-b-cm- ¯n-sâ kr-ãn-IÄ tI-c-f e-fn-X-I-em A-¡ m-Z-an, a-lm-I-hn A-¡ n-¯w A-Nyp-X³ sIm-¨n-bn-se am-[-h³ \m-bÀ ayq-kn-bw, bp.Fbn-¯oÀ-¶n-«p-v. \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS a-I-\m-b A-¡ n-¯w hm-kp-tZ-h- kv.F.bn-se sN-ÌÀ slÀ-hn-äv-kv ^m-an-en {S-Ìv I- \pw I-hn-bp-sS A-\p-P³ Nn-{X-Im-c³ 1939þ P- f-£ ³ F-¶n-h-bn kw-c-£ n-¡ -s¸-«n-cn-¡ p-¶p. \n-¨ A-¡ n-¯w \m-cm-b-W-\pw. th-Zm-Nm-c-§ Ä A-\p-jvTn-¡ p-¶ Ip-Spw-_-¯n P-\n-¨ A-t±-l- ¯n-sâ

I-em-ZÀ-i-\w cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv sI.kn.F-kv. ]-Wn-¡ -cm-Wv. 1961þ a-{Zm-kv k-v- IqÄ Hm-^v BÀ-Sv-knÂ-\n-¶v Un-t¹m-a t\-Sn-b \mcm-b-W³, 1962þ'64þ tI-{μ K-h¬-saân-sâ kvtIm-fÀ-jn-¸pw Xp-SÀ-¶v 1967þ'70 Im-e-L-«-¯n s{^-© v K-h¬-saâv kv-tIm-fÀ-jn-t¸m-sS ]m-cokn-se F-t¡ mÄ sU-kv _yq-I-v-kv-þ-BÀ-Sv-kn D- ]-cn-]T-\-hpw \-S-¯n. Po³ s_À-t¯m-fn-sâ Io-

Nn-{X-I-e-bn-se s]¬-t]m-cn-a ti-jn-¸p-IÄ \n-e-\n-¶ Im-e-¯v ]-ßn-\n kv-{Xobp-sS \-Kv-\-X Iym³-hm-kn-e-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p F-¶-XptI-c-f-¯n Nn-{X-I-e t]m-se, ]p-cp-j-\m-Wv sXm-gn tem-I-¯n-sâ \- s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ-¡ v A-\y-am-bn- s«-Ãv F-¶ ^yq-U Nn-´-bv-s¡ -Xn-sc t]m-cm-Spcp-¶, ^yq-U \m-bÀ X-d-hm- ¶ {io-P-sb-t¸m-ep-Å k-a-Im-en-I Nn-{X-Im-cn-I-fn- Sp-I-fn-se Ip-e-a-ln-am k-¦-ev- te-¡ v B DuÀ-Pw C-¶pw \o-fp-¶p. ]-ßn-\n-bp-sS sIm-Sn-Ip-¯n-hm-W thÀ-]m-Sn-\p-ti-jw I-hn C-S-tÈ-cn F-gp-Xn-b HmÀ-

]-§ Ä Im-e-¯m-Wv Sn.sI. ]-ßn-\n- a-¡ p-dn-¸p-I-fn-epw A-h-cp-sS Xo-£ v-W-am-b Po-hnbp-sS t]m-cm-«w. Nn-{X-c-N-\ k- X-hpw \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. a-bw-sIm-Ãn-bm-b ]m-gv th-ebm-sW-¶pw s]¬-Ip-«n h-gn- Nn-{X-I-e-bn-se C-S-Xp-]-£ w sX-än-t¸m-sb-¶pw ap-XnÀ-¶- hÀ hn-[n-sb-gp-Xn-b-t¸mÄ, A-½m-h³ Sn.sI. Zn-hma-{Zm-kv k-v-IqÄ F-¶ I-c-\m-Wv ]-ßn-\n-¡ v Xp-W-bm-b-Xv. ]-ßn-\n-bp-sS I-em-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\p

]p-d- A-Im-e-hn-tbm-K-¯n-\p-ti-jw F-gp-Xn-b HmÀ-a- ta, Nn-{X-I-em-cw-K-¯v H-cp ¡ p-dn-¸n I-hn C-S-tÈ-cn C-¡ m-cyw kq-Nn-¸n-¡ p- cm-{ão-b

{]-Øm-\-¯n-\p

""km-ln-Xyw-t]m-se a-e-bm-fn-¡ v Nn-{X-I-e t\-Xr-Xzw

\Â-Ip-¶-Xn-epw ]-cn-Nn-X-a-sÃ-¶v am-{X-a-Ã, A-Xv H-«pw A-`n-a-X-hp-a- s]m-¶m-\n-¡ m-cpm-bn-cp- Ã F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p A-¶-s¯ k-aq-l-¯n-sâ \n-e- ¶p. C-´y³ I-em-cw-K-¯v ]m-sS-¶'' A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \n-co-£ -W-¯n-\v C- k-a-{K-am-b am-ä-§ Ä-¡ v Xn- ¶pw {]-k-àn-bp-v.

cn-sIm-fp-¯n-b dm-Un-¡  a-Zn-cm-in-bn Iq-sS ]Tn-¨-hÀ A-aqÀ-¯-X- {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ \m-b-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p Ip-än-¸p-dbn-te-¡ pw Xm-{´n-Iv ssi-en-I-fn-te-¡ pw t]m-b- ¯v P-\n-¨, C-S-tÈ-cn-bp-sS a-cp-a-I-\m-b sI.]n. t¸mÄ ]-ßn-\n A-XnÂ-\n-s¶-Ãmw am-dn-\n-¶p. Ir-jv-W-Ip-amÀ (1958 -1989 Un-kw-_À 26). "dm-Un- Xm³ P-\n-¨p-h-fÀ-¶ a-®n th-cq-¶n, kv-{Xo-tb- ¡  s]-bn-tâ-gv-kv Bâv k-v-IÄ-]v-tä-gv-kv Abpw A-h-fp-sS i-co-c-t¯-bpw Im-a-\-I-tf-bpw c- tkm-kn-tb-j³', "tI-c-f dm-Un-¡ Â-kv' A-sÃ- Xn-tb-bpw bm-sXm-cp Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-an-Ãm-sX, H- ¦n "dm-Un-¡  {Kq-¸v' F-¶o t]-cp-I-fn-epw A-dnpw C-tdm-«n-Iv A-Ãm-¯ XoÀ-¯pw ssP-hn-I-am-b b-s¸-«n-cp-¶ "C-´y³ dm-Un-¡  s]-bn-tâ-gv-kv {]-Xn-tcm-[-am-bn A-hÀ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨p. ssew-Kn-I- Bâv k-v-IÄ-]v-tä-gv-kv A-tkm-kn-tb-j³', _- X-bv-¡ -¸p-dw sIm-Sn-b G-Im-´-X-bm-Wv B cq-]- tdm-U-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶ a-e-bm-fn-IÄ {]-[m- § -fn \n-d-ª -Xv. tKm-Kn-tâ-bpw sdw-{_mân-tâ- \-am-bpw DÄ-s¸-«H-cp C-S-Xp-]-£ I-em-Im-c Iqbpw {]-`m-h-§ -sf a-dn-I-S-¶v, kq-cy-sh-fn-¨w ]-Xnm-bv-a-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

sb am-{Xw I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶ tI-c-f-¯n-se Im-hp-I-fn-

1985þÂ \-S-¶ "sk-h³ b-Mv k-v-IÄ-]v-tä-gvse \o-en-a I-eÀ-¶ ]-¨-¸pw km-{μ-am-b {Km-ao-W kv' (Seven Young Sculptors) F-¶ {]-ZÀ-i-\-t¯m- C-cp-«p-am-Wv ]-ßn-\n Iym³-hm-kn-em-¡ n-b-Xv. A- sS A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn cq-]w-sIm-

Cu Iq-«mar-Xm sjÀ-Kn-en-t\m-Sv ]-e-cpw ]-ßn-\n-sb D-]-an- bv-a, ]n-¶o-Sv 1987þ-\pw 1989þ-\pw C-S-bn {]-hÀ- ¡ m-dp-s

-¦n-epw

Po-hn-X-km-l-N-cy-§ Ä-sIm- ¯n-¨v {]-ZÀ-i-\-§ Ä kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨-tXm-sS I-empw

ZÀ-i-\-§ Ä-sIm-pw

]-ßn-\n Xn-I-¨pw kz- Im-c-·m-cp-sS H-cp k-Po-h Iq-«m-bv-a-bm-bn am-dp-I- X-{´-am-sbm-cp k-am-´-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. ^yq-U bm-bn-cp-¶p. in-ev-]n-bpw Cu {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ t\-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp-¶ sI.]n. Ir-jv-W-Ip-am-dn-sâ B-ß-l-Xy-tbm-sS-bm-Wv Cu {Kq-¸n-sâ {]-hÀ-¯- \w A-h-km-\n-¡ p-¶-Xv. sI.Fw. a-[p-kq-Z-\³, kn.sI. cm-P³, A-e-I-v-kv am-Xyp, a-e-bm-fn-b-Ãm- ¯ Aw-K-am-bn-cp-¶ A-\n-X Zp-s_, cm-[ tKm-a- Xn F-¶n-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p C-Xn-se a-äv {i-t²-b-cm-b I-em-Im-c-·mÀ. c-P-\n a-Z³ k-sÃ, A-tb-jm F- {_-lmw F-¶o h-\n-X-I-fpw hn-hn-[ Im-e-L-« fn Cu Iq-«m-bv-a-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v {]-hÀ-¯n- ¨n-cp-¶p. amÀ-I-v-kn-Ìv {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ B-g- ¯n-ep-Å kzm-[o-\w Cu I-em-Im-c-·m-cn-ep-mbn-cp-¶p. ]mÀ-iz-hÂ-¡ -cn-¡ -s¸-«-h-cp-tS-bpw A- Sn-¨-aÀ-¯-s¸-«-h-cp-tS-bpw Zp-c-h-Ø-IÄ B-hn-jv-

]-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]m-t»m ]n-¡ m-tkm, A-K-sÌ tdm- Un³, N-e-¨n-{X kw-hn-[m-b-I³ gm-Mv-þ-ep-Iv sKm- ZmÀ-Zv F-¶n-h-cp-sS ZÀ-i-\-§ -fm {]-tNm-Zn-X-\m-b A-t±-lw, ]-c-¼-cm-K-X A-¡ m-Z-an-Iv co-Xn-I-sf X- Ån-¡ -f-ª

]p-Xn-sbm-cp X-e-ap-d-bv-¡ v h-gn-Im-«n. 1989 Un-kw-_À 26þ-\v Ir-jv-W-Ip-am-dn-sâ B-ß-l- Xy-tbm-sS dm-k-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-§ Ä \n-e-¨p. F- ¶m-epw C-´y³ k-a-Im-en-I I-e-bn B {]-Øm- \w H-cp am-bm-ap-{Z _m-¡ n-sh-¨n-«p-v.

dm-Un-¡  {]-Øm-\w A-h-ti-jn-¸n-¨ a-lm-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ Xp-SÀ-¨ ]p-Xn-b Im-e-¯n-epw DuÀ-P-kz-e-am-bn \n-e- \nÂ-¡ p-¶p-v. I-cn-¡ p-t¼mÄ X-s¶, \n-e-hn-ep-Å ku-μ-cy-im- Iq-S-Ãq-cn \n-s¶m-cp Nn-{X-Im-c-\pw kv-{X-]-c-hpw cm-{ão-b-hp-am-b am-\-Z-Þ-§ -sf tNm-Zyw sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\pw Du-¶Â \Â-In. A-_- a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy- \o-{μ-\m-Y Sm-tKmÀ, _w-KmÄ k-v-IqÄ Xp-S-§ n-b ¯n e-Ï-{]-Xn-jvT-\m-b tZ-io-b I-em-Im-c-·m-cp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«]p-\-cp- Fw.Sn. hm-kp-tZ-h³-\m-bÀ °m-\-hm-Z-s¯ A-hÀ \n-cm-I-cn-¨p. ]-I-cw, H-cp F-¶ F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ P-\nt]m-Ìv-þ-sIm-tfm-Wn-b ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n Z-cn- ¨ A-tX \m-«n-epw ho-«n-ep-am- {Z-cp-sS Po-hn-X-s¯ {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡ p-¶-Xn-\m-bn Wv \n-f-bp-sS Xo-c-¯p-\n- Xp-Wn-bpw ¹m-Ì-dpw t]m-ep-Å hn-e-Ip-d-ª

C- ¶p-bÀ-¶v B-[p-\n-I C- X-c h-kv-Xp-¡ Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡ m³ A-hÀ ap³-K- ´y³ Nn-{X-I-e-bn X-\-Xm- W-\ \Â-In. BÀ-«v amÀ-¡ -än-t\-bpw I-e-sb H- b C-S-ap-m-¡ n-b A-Nypcp N-c-¡ m-¡ n am-äp-¶ co-Xn-tb-bpw X-Ån-¡ -f- X³ Iq-S-Ãq-cpw P-\n-¡ p-¶- ª p-sIm-v hn-¹-h-kz-`m-h-ap-Å-Xpw km-aq-ln- Xv. s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS Zr-iy-I- I-t_m-[w ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶-Xp-am-b H-cp I-em-{]- em N-cn-{X-¯n A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-tS-

• H-cp
• Øm-\-¯n-\m-bn \n-e-sIm--h-cm-Wv.
• _-Ôw A-Nyp-X-\p-v.

A-t±-l-¯n-sâ D-Ån Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw ss^³ BÀ-Sv-kv tIm-tf- Ip-«n-¡ m-ew sXm-t«]-Xn-ª -Xv `m-c-X-¸p-g-bp-sS Xp- Pn-se ]T-\-Im-e-¯v Ir-jv-W-Ip-am-dpw A-e-I-v-kv cp-¯p-I-fpw \m-«n³-]p-d-s¯ ]-¨-¸pw E-Xp-t`-Z-§ - am-Xyp-hpw kp-lr-¯p-¡ -fpw 1975þ-se A-Sn-b-´- fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. H-cp F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Im³ B-{K-lncm-h-Øm {]-Jym-]-\-¯n-s\-Xn-sc {]-Xn-tj-[n-¨n- ¨v a-{Zm-kn-se-¯n-b A-Nyp-X-sâ Po-hn-X-s¯-bpw cp-¶p. PÀ-a³ F-I-v-kv-{]-j-\n-k-¯n-sâ ssh-Im- kÀ-¤-k-¦-ev-]-§ -sf-bpw am-än-a-dn-¨-Xv 's]m-¶m-\ncn-I-X-bn-epw Bân-þ-dn-b-en-k-¯nÂ-\n-¶pw

¡ -f-cn'bp-sS A-a-c-¡ m-c-\m-b Fw. tKm-hn-μ-\p-amtNm-Z-\w DÄ-s¡ m-v, I-e-bn cm-{ão-b-ap-mbp-Å B-ß-_-Ô-am-Wv. tKm-hn-μ-sâ ]-{Xm-[n-]-XytI--Xv

A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv F-¶ Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-bÀ- ¯n ]p-d-¯n-d-§ n-bn-cp-¶ 'k-ao-£ ' t]m-ep-Å {]- ¯n-¸n-Sn-¨-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p A-hÀ. A-e-I-v-kv am-Xyp- kn-²o-I-c-W-§ -fn F-gp-Xp-I-bpw h-c-bv-¡ p-Ihpw Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-c-s¯ k-l-]mTn-bm-bn-cp-¶ bpw sN-bv-X A-Nyp-X-s\, Nn-{X-I-e-bp-sS A-\-´- sI.Fw. a-[p-kq-Z-\-\pw _-tdm-U-bn ]T-\w km-[y-X-I-fn-te-¡ v ssI-]n-Sn-¨p-bÀ-¯n-b-Xv Fw. Xp-S-§ n-b Im-e-¯v "hy-h-Øn-Xn-sb A-«n-a-dn-¡ p- tKm-hn-μ-sâ k-Z-Êp-I-fpw A-hn-Sp-s¯ _u-²n-I ¶ amÀ-I-v-kn-Ìv C-´y³ I-e' F-¶ e-£ yw Xp-S- kw-hm-Z-§ -fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. cp-¶-Xn-\m-bn Ir-jv-W-Ip-am-dpw A-h-tcm-sSm-¸w sI.kn.F-kv. ]-Wn-¡ À Xp-S-¡ -an-«a-{Zm-kv aqtNÀ-¶p.

hv--saân-sâ `m-K-am-bn am-dn-b A-Nyp-X³, a-{Zm-kv Khn-iz-`m-c-Xn kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se im-´n- h¬-saâv tIm-tf-Pv Hm-^v BÀ-«v B³-Uv {Im-^v-äv- \n-tI-X-\n hn-Zym-`ym-kw t\-Sn-b B-fm-bn-cp-¶p kn-se Cu-h-\nw-Kv tIm-gv-kn-eq-sS-bm-Wv X-sâ I-em- Ir-jv-W-Ip-amÀ. 1970þ-I-fn-epw '80þ-I-fn-epw C-´y- ]T-\w ap-t¶m-«p sIm-p-t]m-b-Xv.

Xp-SÀ-¶v tNm-fbn-se cm-{ão-b-þ-km-aq-ln-I {]-£ p-Ï-X-I-sf {]- a-ÞÂ BÀ-«n-Ìv-kv hn-tÃ-Pp-am-bn A-t±-lw Zr-V- Xn-^-en-¸n-¨p-sIm-v

"C-´y³ dm-Un-¡ Â s]-bn- am-b ku-lr-Z-hpw k-l-hm-k-hpw ]p-eÀ-¯n. k-atâ-gv-kv Bâv k-v-IÄ-]v-tä-gv-kv A-tkm-kn-tb- Im-en-I-cm-b ]-e Nn-{X-Im-c-·m-cpw tc-Jm-Nn-{X-§ -fnj³' (RASA) cq-]o-I-cn-¡ m³ t\-Xr-Xzw \Â-In. te-¡ pw cq-]-]-c-am-b B-hn-jv-Im-c-§ -fn-te-¡ pw bp-hm-¡ -fp-sS cq-]-§ -sf tI-{μo-I-cn-¨v in-ev-]- figurative art) {i-² tI-{μo-I-cn-¨-t¸mÄ, A-Nyp-X³ § Ä XoÀ-¯ Ir-jv-W-Ip-am-dn-sâ 1985þ-se "hm- Iq-S-ÃqÀ Xn-c-sª -Sp-¯-Xv ip-²-am-b A-aqÀ-¯-Xkv--tIm-U-Km-a' F-¶ in-ev-]w sIm-tfm-Wn-b-enbp-sS h-gn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F-

Lyrical Abstraction k-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bp-Å i-à-am-b cm-{ão-b {]-Jym-

¶mÂ, A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im³-hm-kp-I-fn Xn-f-§ n-

\n-¶ I-Spw-hÀ-®-§ -fpw Xm-f-§ -fpw b-YmÀ-°- ¯n kz-´w \m-Sn-sâ a-®n \n-¶pw \n-fm-\- Zn-bp-sS HmÀ-½-I-fn \n-¶pw D-bnÀ-s¡ m--hbm-bn-cp-¶p. X-sâ {Km-ao-W th-cp-I-sf-bpw Fw. tKmhn-μ³ ]-IÀ-¶p-\Â-In-b kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I-þ-ZmÀi-\n-I t_m-[-s¯-bpw a-{Zm-kv k-v-Iq-fn-sâ \-ho- I-c-W ho-£ -W-§ -fp-am-bn Iq-«n-bn-W-¡ n-bm-Wv A-t±-lw {]-hÀ-¯n-¨-Xv. tZ-io-b-þ-A-´À-tZ-io-b X-e-§ -fn \n-c-h-[n ]p-c-k-v-Im-c-§ -fpw Aw-Ko- Im-c-§ -fpw t\-Sn-b A-Nyp-X³ Iq-S-ÃqÀ, s]m- ¶m-\n-bp-sS kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I a-Þ-e-¯n-\v BtKm-f A-aqÀ-¯ I-em-`q-]-S-¯n X-e-bp-bÀ- ¯n \nÂ-¡ m-hp-¶ H-cp h-en-b taÂ-hn-em-k-am- Wv k-½m-\n-¨-Xv.

]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ DuÀ-Ö-{]-hm-lw Nn-{X-I-e-bn-eq-sS kr-ãn-]-c-am-b B-hn-jv- Im-c-hpw k-aq-ly C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpw ]-cn-Øn-Xnt_m-[-hpw h-fÀ-¯p-¶ "NmÀ-t¡ mÄ s]m-¶m-\n' Iq-«m-bv-a-bpw A-Xn-sâ ap³-\n-c-bn-ep-Å BÀ-«n- Ìv Z-bm-\-μ-\pw (Z-bm-\-μ³ am-jv), k-a-Im-en-I Zr-iy-þ-{]-I-S-\-I-e-I-fn-eq-sS {]-Ir-Xn-tb-bpw kmwk-v-Im-cn-I Po-hn-X-t¯-bpw tNÀ-¯p-sh-¡ p-¶ Xm-Pv

_-¡ -dpw

Np-hÀ

Nn-{X-I-em-Im-c-\m-b sI.bp. Ir-jv-W-Ip-am-dpw D-Z-b³ F-S-¸m-fpw Irjv-W-Zm-kv I-S-h-\m-Sp-sa-Ãmw s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS C- ¶-s¯ A-S-bm-f-§ -fm-Wv. 2018þ ss^³ BÀ- Sv-kv _n-cp-Zw H-¶mw dm-t¦m-sS ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡ n "_m-e-kw-Lw th-\ Xp-¼n-IÄ' A-S-¡ -ap-Å th-Zn-I-fn-eq-sS h-fÀ-¶p-h-¶ A-£ -bv F³.]n. Ddq-_n-sâ a-®nÂ-\n-¶p-Å ]p-Xn-b {]-Xn-`-bm-bn DbÀ-¶p-\nÂ-¡ p-¶p. t^m-t«m-{Km-^À I-®³ kqc-Ppw s]m-¶m-\n I-S-¸p-d-¯n-tâ-bpw a-e-¸p-dw {]- tZ-i-§ -fp-tS-bpw {]-Ir-Xn-`w-Kn C³-Ìm-{Kmw A-S- ¡ -ap-Å k-aq-l-am-[y-a-§ -fn-eq-sS B-hn-jv-I-cn- ¡ p-¶ kz-X-{´ Un-Pn-ä {In-tb-ä-dm-b ap-_-jndpw Cu Zr-iy-kw-k-v-Im-c-s¯ Un-Pn-ä tem-It¯-¡ v hym-]n-¸n-¡ p-¶p. A-¡ m-Z-an-Iv N-«-¡ q-Sp-IÄ s]m-fn-s¨-gp-Xnb ]-Wn-¡ -cp-sS ZÀ-i-\-§ -fpw \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS an- \n-a-en-Ìn-Iv tc-Jm-i-àn-bpw tKm-]n-\m-Yn-sâ \n-dhn-\ym-k-§ -fpw A-¡ n-¯w {]-Xn-`-I-fp-sS Xm-{´n- I-þ-k-a-Im-en-I `m-h-§ -fpw ]-ßn-\n-bp-sS {]-Xntcm-[-h-c-I-fpw Ir-jv-W-Ip-am-dn-sâ cm-{ão-b in-ev- ]-I-e-bpw C-¶v NmÀ-t¡ mÄ s]m-¶m-\n-bn-eq-tSbpw bp-h-X-e-ap-d-bn-eq-tS-bpw k-Po-h-am-bn {]-hln-¡ p-¶p. km-ln-Xy-hpw Nn-{X-I-e-bpw kw-Ko-Xhpw I-S-epw ]p-g-bpw Im-b-ep-sa-Ãmw I-eÀ-s¶mgp-Ip-¶ s]m-¶m-\n-bp-sS a-®v, Hm-tcm Im-e-L-« ¯n-epw ]p-Xn-b Zr-iy-`m-j-IÄ kr-ãn-¨p-sIm-v C-´y³ I-em-tem-I-s¯ \n-c-´-cw hn-kv-a-bn-¸n-¨psIm-t-bn-cn-¡ p-¶p.

am-d-t© -cn dq-d tIm-þ-Hm-¸-td-äo-hv skm-ssk-än Ltd No: M 800 am-d-t© -cn (]n.H.), a-e-¸p-dw Pn-à þ 679581 t^m¬: 0494 2670240

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