states, “Evidence supports the use of reward-based methods for all canine training. AVSAB promotes interactions with animals based on compassion, respect, and scientific evidence. Based on these factors, reward-based learning offers the most advantages and the least harm to the learner’s welfare.” A final significant benefit to positive training centers around the concept of “cause no harm.” In addition to all the benefits of positive training over aversive training, there is substantial evidence and support for the idea that aversive training is more likely than positive training to cause unwanted behaviors in dogs.
A Closer Look at Aversive Training An article about the effects of aversive training in the Journal of Veterinary Behavior reports research results that reveal that punishment-based training methods are related to a more significant number of reported behavior problems compared to reward-based training. The study also reveals that owners with the highest obedience scores use reward-based training only, suggesting a correlation between positive rein forcement training and higher levels of obedience and fewer behavior problems. Research supports a widely accepted view that aversive dog training can cause the appropriate context. Treats used inappropriately could be regarded as bribes. If used appropriately, they are reinforcers. Like any piece of equipment or tool, people must learn how to use them properly. Sometimes, training results do take longer. However, as previously discussed, these quicker results may come at the cost of other undesired behaviors. While it may take time to achieve the desired goal, there is no concrete evidence showing that some dogs cannot learn using positive techniques. It is also quite true that success does depend on good timing and technique, which are learned skills. The same is true of aversive techniques. Tim ing and appropriate use of equipment is directly correlated with success. The difference is that poor timing in positive training may yield slower or no results, whereas poor timing in aversive training can increase the likelihood of poor or devastating results. Dog owners need to be aware of trainer differences and understand that classes or consultations may vary widely in techniques and philosophies. When trying to select a dog trainer who uses positive training techniques, things to avoid include the use of shock or prong collars, jerking or correcting when the dog does something wrong, minimal
Despite the overwhelming evidence supporting positive reinforcement dog training, there are trainers that continue to utilize aversive training or a combination of positive and aversive training.
and exasperate behavior issues in dogs, including fearfulness, avoidance, anxiety, and even aggression. Positive reinforce ment training is equally effective and causes no harm to the dog. Many aversive trainers have evolved to the use of a combination of methods. They will argue that all positive training does not work on all dogs, results take longer, treats become bribes, and suc cess depends on good timing. The term “balanced” is often used to describe their techniques.
Understanding the Proper Use of Techniques While some of these arguments have validity, they must be considered in or no use of treats, offers of guaranteed and quick success, no certification, and no recent continued education. Positive trainers will promote the use of positive rewards such as treats and toys and will have a clear understanding of how dogs learn and of learning theory. They are always willing to talk about their methods and why they use them. Positive trainers often hold certifications, belong to professional organizations, and participate in continuing education.
Assistance Canine Training Services 2928 East Conway Road, Center Conway, NH www.assistancecanine.org (603) 383-2073
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