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Business

Financial literacy

By connect

Go to stand
Share link
https://covver.com/magazine/connect/financial-literacy
Published
Aug 19, 2026
Pages
50

More in this magazine

  • EARN WISELYSAVE REGULARLY INVEST SMARTLY
  • DISCLAIMERThis book has been created for educational and financial literacy purposes only. The information, examples, calculations, illustrations, and opinions presented are intended to provide a general understanding of financial concepts.
  • Page 3国 FINANCIAL
  • Page 4How Does an Individual Earn Money? Individuals earn money by using their time, skills, knowledge, resources or capital to create value for others.
  • Page 5田 Where Does a Household
  • What Will Happen IfHousehold Expenses Exceed Their Income? When a household spends more money than it earns, it creates a deficit. This gap can lead to serious short term and long term problems.
  • Debt TrapHow easy it is to fall into debt - and how to stay out of it BILLS
  • BUDGETINGPlan your money. Control your today. Build your better tomorrow. A budget is a plan for your money. It helps you spend wisely, save more, avoid debt and achieve your goals.
  • IMPORTANCE AND TYPES OF SAVINGS- BY INDIVIDUALS Save Today, Secure Tomorrow
  • SIMPLE INTERESTYou earn interest only on the original amount (principal). The interest amount remains the same every period. FORMULA
  • COMPOUND INTERESTYou earn interest on your principal as well as on the interest already earned. Your money grows faster over time. FORMULA
  • You InvestYou invest a certain amount regularly. The Power of COMPOUNDING by Doing Investments
  • Income Allocation RatioHow to divide income wisely for today's needs and tomorrow's goals The Ideal Ratio
  • Invest Smart, Grow with AgeYour investment approach should evolve with your age, goals and risk tolerance. Shift from growth to stability as you grow older.
  • Revisit Your Portfolio From Time to TimeRegular reviews help you stay on track with your goals, manage risk and make better financial decisions. Why Revisit Your Portfolio?
  • LOW RISK AND LOW REWARD INVESTMENTSSafety First, Growth Later Some investments focus on keeping your money safe rather than making it grow quickly. These investments have very little risk, but the returns are also small. They are suitable for short-term goals, emergency funds, and money you cannot afford to lose.
  • HIGH RISK HIGH RETURNGreater Possibility, Greater Risk These investments can give you much higher returns, but they also come with a greater chance of loss.
  • Page 18WARREN BUFFETT'S MESSAGE: INVESTING TAKES TIME
  • SAVINGS ACCOUNTThe Smart Way to Save and Manage Your Money SAVINGS ACCOUNT
  • FIXED DEPOSIT (FD) =Safe. Simple. Rewarding. BANK
  • Page 21What is a Share? Think of a company as a big square.
  • Page 22* Why should you invest in shares? Money sitting in your wallet or bank today does not stay the same in value tomorrow.
  • Page 23WHAT IS A STOCK MARKET? The stock market is a place where people buy and sell shares of companies. It helps companies raise capital and helps people grow their money over the long term.
  • TYPES OF STOCKSDifferent types of stocks give investors different rights, benefits and levels of risk. 1. BASED ON OWNERSHIP RIGHTS
  • Page 2501 02
  • THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH STOCKSInvesting in stocks can help you grow your wealth, but it also comes with risks. Understanding these risks helps you make smarter and more prepared decisions. IMPORTANT RISKS TO CONSIDER
  • BEAR MARKET VS BULL MARKETTWO PHASES OF THE STOCK MARKET The stock market moves in cycles. Prices either go up or down for a period of time.
  • USA STOCK MARKETThe World's Largest and Most Dynamic Market The USA stock market is a marketplace where shares of public companies are bought and sold. It helps companies raise capital and gives investors an opportunity to grow their wealth over the long term.
  • UAE STOCK EXCHANGEThe UAE stock exchange is a marketplace where shares of public companies are bought and sold. It helps companies raise capital and gives investors an opportunity to grow their wealth. UAE HAS 2 MAIN STOCK EXCHANGES
  • INDIAN STOCK EXCHANGEPowering Growth. Connecting Investors. Building India. KEY FEATURES Regulated by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India)
  • QUESTIONS TO ADDRESSBEFORE INVESTING IN A COMPANY םםם
  • How to analyse a companyA step-by-step framework to understand a business before you invest. 6.2 Product & Services of the Company
  • INCOME STATEMENTShows the company's financial performance over a period of time, usually one year. INCOME STATEMENT
  • Using Financial Statements to Make Better Investment DecisionsFinancial statements tell the true story of a company. Use them together to judge profitability, strength and future cash generation before you invest. Income Statement
  • VALUE CREATION AND VALUE DESTRUCTIONVALUE CREATION Value creation happens when a company's true value increases. As the business grows and earns better profits, the market price usually follows.
  • MUTUAL FUNDSA simple way to pool money and grow wealth Stocks
  • TYPES OF MUTUAL FUNDSDifferent strategies. Different goals. One purpose - to grow your wealth. Mutual funds come in various types based on their investment objective, asset class and strategy. Choosing the right type depends on your financial goals, risk tolerance and investment horizon.
  • HOW TO INVEST IN MUTUAL FUNDSA simple step-by-step guide to start your investment journey Mutual funds are easy to invest in. You can start with a small amount and build wealth for the long term. GROW YOUR WEALTH
  • RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH MUTUAL FUNDSMutual funds bring together money from many investors and invest in stocks, bonds and other assets to create wealth over time. However, the value of these investments can go up or down. Knowing the risks helps you make informed decisions and choose the right funds for your goals. MARKET RISK
  • Page 40SIP SYSTEMATIC INVESTMENT PLAN Small Investment Today, Big Wealth Tomorrow
  • Page 41How do Investors Invest in Real Estate? Real estate is the investment in land, buildings or properties to earn income and build wealth over the long term.
  • Page 42BOND What are Bonds and How do Investors Invest in it
  • Page 43INVESTING IN GOLD O A Timeless Asset for Wealth Protection and Long-Term Growth Gold has been a store of value for $thousands of years continues to protect wealth in uncertain times.
  • PRIVATE EQUITYInvesting in privately held companies to build value and achieve strong long-term returns. WHAT IS PRIVATE EQUITY?
  • INVESTING IN CRYPTOCURRENCYThe Future of Finance, With High Potential and High Risk PORTFOLID
  • Loans: A Smart Tool for InvestorsBorrow wisely. Invest strategically. Grow your wealth. LOAN
  • Page 47EMI 1. WHAT IS EMI?
  • WHAT SHOULD BE THE MAXIMUM LOANYOU SHOULD TAKE? LOAN
  • Page 49WHAT IS INSURANCE? Insurance is a smart way to transfer the financial risk of unexpected events to an insurer. You pay a small premium today for financial protection tomorrow.
  • Page 50TAX TAX OVERVIEW ON INVESTMENTS
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INCOME STATEMENT

BALANCE SHEETCash InflowsCash decreases

Shows the company's financial performance over a period of time, usually one year.

  • INCOME STATEMENT
  • It includes
  • Revenue
  • Expenses
  • Revenue

It summarizes revenues and expenses to find the NET PROFIT or NET LOSS.

  • Income from selling goods
  • Net Profit
  • 20,000 or services.
  • Expenses

Costs like salaries, rent, electicity. materials, and other operations.

  • Total Revenue
  • Total Expenses
  • Net Profit (or Net Loss)
  • Profit or Loss

The remaining amount after subtracting expenses from revenue.

Example

If a company earns 270,000 from sales and spends 250,000 on expenses, its profit is 220,000.

BALANCE SHEET

Shows what the company OWNS and what it OWES at a specific point in time.

It helps us understand the company's financial position on a particular date.

The balance sheet follows the fundamental rule:

  • Assets Liabilities + Equity
  • Both sides must always be equal.
  • LIABILITIES (What the company owes)
  • ASSETS (What the company owns)
  • BALANCE SHEET
  • Long-term Liabilities
  • Fixed Assets

Long-term items like land, buildings, machinery, and vehicles.

  • Loans or borrowings that are ASSETS
  • LIABILITIES +EQUITY due after one year.
  • Current Assets
  • Short-term Liabilities

Short-term items like cash, inventory. and money owed by customers.

Debts or obligations due within one year, like bills to suppliers.

EQUITY (Owner's stake in the company)

Investments

Money invested in other companies or securities.

Shareholder's Equity Capital invested by owners plus retained earnings.

Example

If a company has total assets of 100,000 and total liabilities of 260,000, then shareholder's equity is 40,000.

CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Shows how cash moves in and out of the company during a specific period.

It explains why cash increased or decreased

CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Example

Cash Inflows

If cash in from operations is 50,000 and total cash outflow is 35,000, then net cash flow is 15,000.

  • Cash Outflows in the business.
  • Net Cash Flow 15,000
  • Cash Inflows (Money coming in)

Cash from sales of goods or services

  • Money received from customers
  • Cash Inflows *50,000
  • Cash Outflows *35,000
  • Loans or new investments received
  • Net Cash Flow 15,000
  • Cash Outflows (Money going out)

Payments to suppliers and employees Rent, utilities, and other expenses Loan repayments and taxes

Net Cash Flow (Net change in cash)

If inflows are more than outflows +Cash increases If outflows are more than inflows

  • From operations From investments From financing
  • For operations
  • For investments
  • For financing

Cash decreases

This statement helps us track liquidity and ensures the company has enough cash to meet its obligations.